The study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis and related comorbidities in school-age children in Budapest, capital of Hungary. Data and epidemiological studies on this disease are still limited. A cross sectional study was conducted in 21 representative and randomly selected primary schools in 2019. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood-based questionnaires (n = 6869) inquiring about prevalence and related risk factors of allergic rhinitis were distributed to all parents. The data were characterised with standard descriptive statistics: frequencies (percentages) and means for categorical and quantitative data, respectively. 3836 of the questionnaires (1857 M/1979F) were completed. The prevalence of current allergic rhinitis was 29.3% (1043), physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis was 9.7% (373), cumulative allergic rhinitis was 36.2% (1289) and current allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was 16.2% (577). The presence of physician diagnosed atopic disease–asthma (p < 0.0001, OR = 4.398, 95% CI 3.356–5.807), food allergy (p < 0.0001, OR = 2.594, 95% CI 1.995–3.378), and eczema (p < 0.0001, OR = 1.899, 95% CI 1.568–2.300)-were significantly related to an increased risk of cumulative allergic rhinitis. Significant factors associated with allergic rhinitis include male gender (p < 0.0001), family history of atopy (p < 0.0001), frequent upper respiratory tract infections (p < 0.0001), tonsillectomy (p = 0.0054), antibiotics given in the first year of life (p < 0.0001), paracetamol given in the first year of life (p = 0.0038), long-lasting common infections caused by viruses and/or bacteria before the appearance of the allergy (p < 0.0001), consumption of drinks containing preservatives or colourants (p = 0.0023), duration of living in Budapest (p = 0.0386), smoking at home (p = 0.0218), smoking at home in the first year of life (p = 0.0048), birds at home (p = 0.0119), birds at home in the first year of life (p = 0.0052), visible mould in the bedroom (p = 0.0139), featherbedding (p = 0.0126), frequent or constant heavy-vehicle traffic (p = 0.0039), living in a weedy area (p < 0.0001) and living in the vicinity of an air-polluting factory or mine (p = 0.0128). The prevalence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in 6–12-year-old children in Budapest is higher than reported for most of the surrounding European countries. While asthma (OR = 4.398) is the most significant comorbidity, environmental factors such as birds at home in the first year of life (OR = 2.394) and living in a weedy area (OR = 1.640) seem to be the most important factors associated with AR. Strategies for preventive measures should be implemented. Trial registration number: KUT-19/2019. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute,

中文翻译：

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小学生过敏性鼻炎的患病率，相关合并症和危险因素

这项研究旨在确定匈牙利首都布达佩斯学龄儿童的过敏性鼻炎和相关合并症的患病率和危险因素。关于该疾病的数据和流行病学研究仍然有限。2019年在21所代表性且随机选择的小学中进行了横断面研究。向所有父母分发了基于儿童期哮喘和过敏的国际研究问卷（n = 6869），询问了过敏性鼻炎的患病率和相关危险因素。数据用标准描述性统计数据进行表征：频率（百分比）和分别用于分类和定量数据的平均值。完成了3836份问卷（1857 M / 1979F）。当前的过敏性鼻炎的患病率为29.3％（1043），医生诊断为过敏性鼻炎的患病率为9。7％（373），累积性变应性鼻炎为36.2％（1289），目前变应性鼻结膜炎为16.2％（577）。存在医师诊断为异位性疾病-哮喘（p <0.0001，OR = 4.398，95％CI 3.356–5.807），食物过敏（p <0.0001，OR = 2.594，95％CI 1.995–3.378）和湿疹（p < 0.0001，或= 1.899，95％CI 1.568–2.300）与累积性变应性鼻炎风险增加显着相关。与变应性鼻炎相关的重要因素包括男性（p <0.0001），特应性家族史（p <0.0001），上呼吸道感染频繁（p <0.0001），扁桃体切除术（p = 0.0054），在治疗的第一年给予抗生素寿命（p <0.0001），在生命的第一年给予扑热息痛（p = 0.0038），在出现过敏之前由病毒和/或细菌引起的长期常见感染（p <0.0001），饮用含有防腐剂或着色剂的饮料（p = 0.0023），在布达佩斯居住的时间（p = 0.0386），在在家中（p = 0.0218），在生命的第一年在家吸烟（p = 0.0048），在家中的鸟类（p = 0.0119），在生命的第一年在家中的鸟类（p = 0.0052），卧室（p = 0.0139），羽毛被褥（p = 0.0126），频繁或经常出现的重型车辆通行（p = 0.0039），居住在杂草丛生的区域（p <0.0001）和居住在空气污染工厂或矿井附近（p = 0.0128）。布达佩斯6至12岁儿童的过敏性鼻结膜炎患病率高于周围大多数欧洲国家的报道。哮喘时（OR = 4。398）是最重要的合并症，环境因素，例如生命第一年在家中的鸟类（OR = 2.394）和在杂草丛生的地区（OR = 1.640）似乎是与AR相关的最重要因素。应当采取预防措施的策略。试用注册号：KUT-19 / 2019。该研究得到了海姆帕尔国家小儿科研究所伦理委员会的批准，