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Does diclofenac act like a photosynthetic herbicide on green algae? Chlamydomonas reinhardtii synchronous culture-based study with atrazine as reference
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety ( IF 6.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-10 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111630
Monika Majewska , Darya Harshkova , Wojciech Pokora , Agnieszka Baścik-Remisiewicz , Szymon Tułodziecki , Anna Aksmann

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) is one of the commonly used and frequently detected drugs in water bodies, and several studies indicate its toxic effect on plants and algae. Studies performed with asynchronous Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures indicated that DCF inhibit the growth of population of the algae. Here, a synchronous population of C. reinhardtii, in which all cells are in the same developmental phase, is used. Following changes in cells size, photosynthetic activity and gene expression, we could compare, at the level of single cell, DCF-mediated effects with the effects caused by atrazine, a triazine herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis and triggers oxidative stress. Application of DCF and atrazine at the beginning of the cell cycle allowed us to follow the changes occurring in the cells in the subsequent stages of their development. Synchronized Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures (strain CC-1690, wild type) were exposed to diclofenac sodium salt (135 mg/L) or atrazine (77.6 µg/L). The cell suspension was sampled hourly (0–10 h) in the light period of the cell cycle to determine cell number and volume, photosynthetic pigment content, chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP test) in vivo, and selected gene expression (real-time qPCR), namely psbA, psaA, FSD1, MSD3 and APX1. The two toxicants differently influenced C. reinhardtii cells. Both substances decreased photosynthetic “vitality” (PI - performance index) of the cells, albeit for different reasons. While atrazine significantly disrupted the photosynthetic electron transport, resulting in excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and limited cell growth, DCF caused silencing of photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers, transforming them into “heat sinks”, thus preventing significant ROS overproduction. Oxidative stress caused by atrazine was the probable reason for the rapid appearance of phytotoxic action soon after entering the cells, while the effects of DCF could only be seen several hours after treatment. A comparison of DCF-caused effects with the effects caused by atrazine led us to conclude that, although DCF cannot be regarded as typical photosynthetic herbicide, it exhibits an algicidal activity and can be potentially dangerous for aquatic plants and algae.



中文翻译:

双氯芬酸是否像绿藻上的光合作用除草剂一样起作用?基于阿特拉津的莱茵衣藻同步培养同步研究

非甾体类抗炎药双氯芬酸(DCF)是水体中常用且经常检测到的药物之一,多项研究表明其对植物和藻类具有毒性作用。用异步衣藻培养进行的研究表明DCF抑制藻类种群的增长。在这里,雷氏梭菌的同步种群,其中所有细胞均处于同一发育阶段。随着细胞大小,光合作用活性和基因表达的变化,我们可以在单细胞水平上将DCF介导的作用与抑制光合作用并触发氧化应激的三嗪除草剂阿特拉津引起的作用进行比较。DCF和beginning去津在细胞周期开始时的应用使我们能够追踪细胞发育后续阶段中细胞中发生的变化。将莱茵衣藻同步培养物(CC-1690菌株,野生型)暴露于双氯芬酸钠盐(135 mg / L)或阿特拉津(77.6 µg / L)。在细胞周期的光照期每小时(0-10小时)采样细胞悬浮液,以确定细胞数量和体积,光合色素含量,叶绿素一个荧光(OJIP试验)在体内,和选定的基因的表达(实时定量PCR),即psbA启动链球菌psaAFSD1MSD3APX1。两种有毒物质对莱茵衣藻的影响不同细胞。两种物质均降低了细胞的光合作用“活力”(PI-性能指数),尽管原因不同。尽管at去津显着破坏了光合电子的运输,导致活性氧(ROS)的过量产生和细胞生长受限,但DCF导致光系统II(PSII)反应中心沉默,将其转变为“散热片”,从而防止了ROS大量过量产生。阿特拉津引起的氧化应激可能是进入细胞后迅速出现植物毒性作用的可能原因,而DCF的作用只能在治疗后数小时才能见到。将DCF引起的效应与at去津引起的效应进行比较后,我们得出结论,尽管不能将DCF视为典型的光合作用除草剂,

更新日期:2020-11-12
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