Rapid solidification gives rise to solute trapping, which decreases solute partitioning and alters equilibrium solidification velocity-undercooling relationships. These effects influence microsegregation, solidification morphology, and the emergent microstructure length scales. Here, we review solute trapping and solute drag in rapid solidification in terms of theory, simulation methods, and experimental techniques. The basic theory to describe solute trapping is contained in the continuous growth model. This model breaks down at high solidification velocities, where solidification transitions abruptly to complete trapping, a limit that can be captured with the local nonequilibrium model. Solute trapping theories contain unknown parameters. Their determination from atomistic simulations or pulsed laser melting experiments is discussed. Microstructural evolution in rapid solidification can be readily investigated with the phase-field method, various alternatives of which are presented here. Uncertainties related to kinetic parameters and heat transfer during rapid solidification can be studied by comparing phase-field simulations to dynamic transmission electron microscopy observations.

快速凝固会导致溶质截留，从而减少溶质分配并改变平衡凝固速度与过冷的关系。这些影响会影响微观偏析，凝固形态和出现的微观结构长度尺度。在这里，我们从理论，模拟方法和实验技术方面回顾了快速凝固过程中的溶质截留和溶质阻力。连续生长模型中包含描述溶质捕集的基本理论。该模型在高凝固速度时会破裂，在该速度下，凝固会突然转变为完全捕获，这是可以用局部非平衡模型捕获的极限。溶质捕获理论包含未知参数。讨论了从原子模拟或脉冲激光熔化实验确定它们的方法。可以通过相场方法轻松研究快速凝固过程中的微观结构演变，此处介绍了其各种替代方法。通过将相场模拟与动态透射电子显微镜观察相比较，可以研究与快速凝固过程中的动力学参数和传热有关的不确定性。