This article describes the condition and spread of one of the most mobile forms of pastoralism, transhumance, as well as factors and transition pathways that have taken place in the pastoral systems of the North Caucasus. The weakening of centralization and control over local economies, as well as the cessation of subsidies to collective and state farms in the 1990s, led to the destruction of state-regulated transhumance. At the same time, traditional institutions and local forms of social organization, such as ethnic groups, tribal alliances, and family associations, are playing an important role. This study is based on mapping of pasture use, analysis of statistical data, and interviews with shepherds, municipal authority representatives, and government officials from regional agricultural departments. It describes the factors promoting or limiting transhumance in 4 regions (Dagestan, Chechnya, North Ossetia–Alania, and Karachay–Cherkessia), including ethnicity, land tenure, the status of privatization of agricultural land, and centralization of power. Leading actors and institutions in 3 periods, pre-Revolutionary, Soviet, and post-Soviet, are considered, with a more detailed analysis of the last period right up to present times. The role of resettlement of people from the mountains to the plains in the Soviet period, which contributed to the development of transhumance in the modern period, is emphasized. Institutional hybrids are discussed, including formal state and informal (traditional and new) rules to regulate the use of pastures during the transition from the Soviet central planning system to market relations.

中文翻译：

---

北高加索牧区系统的后苏联转型：混合机构的发展

本文描述了最具流动性的游牧形式之一的状况和传播、迁徙，以及在北高加索畜牧系统中发生的因素和过渡途径。1990 年代中央集权和对地方经济的控制减弱，以及对集体农场和国营农场的补贴停止，导致国家监管的迁徙遭到破坏。同时，传统制度和地方社会组织形式，如族群、部落联盟和家族协会，正在发挥重要作用。本研究基于牧场使用地图、统计数据分析以及对牧羊人、市政当局代表和区域农业部门的政府官员的采访。它描述了 4 个地区（达吉斯坦、车臣、北奥塞梯-阿兰和卡拉恰伊-切尔克西亚）促进或限制迁徙的因素，包括种族、土地保有权、农业土地私有化的状况和权力集中。考虑了革命前、苏联和后苏联 3 个时期的主要参与者和机构，并对上一个时期直到现在进行了更详细的分析。强调了苏联时期人们从山区到平原的重新安置的作用，这对现代时期的迁徙发展做出了贡献。讨论了制度混合体，包括正式的国家和非正式（传统和新）规则，以在从苏联中央计划制度向市场关系过渡期间规范牧场的使用。