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Development of the drop Freezing Ice Nuclei Counter (FINC), intercomparison of droplet freezing techniques, and use of soluble lignin as an atmospheric ice nucleation standard
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-11 , DOI: 10.5194/amt-2020-414
Anna J. Miller , Killian P. Brennan , Claudia Mignani , Jörg Wieder , Robert O. David , Nadine Borduas-Dedekind

Abstract. Aerosol-cloud interactions, including the ice nucleation of supercooled liquid water droplets caused by ice nucleating particles (INPs) and macromolecules (INMs), are a source of uncertainty in predicting future climate. Because of INPs' and INMs' spatial and temporal heterogeneity in source, number, and composition, predicting their concentration and distribution is a challenge, requiring apt analytical instrumentation. Here, we present the development of our drop Freezing Ice Nucleation Counter (FINC), a droplet freezing technique (DFT), for the quantification of INP and INM concentrations in the immersion freezing mode. FINC's design builds upon previous DFTs and uses an ethanol bath to cool sample aliquots while detecting freezing using a camera. Specifically, FINC uses 288 sample wells of 5–60 μL volume, has a limit of detection of −25.37 ± 0.15 °C with 5 μL, and has an instrument temperature uncertainty of ±0.5 °C. We further conducted freezing control experiments to quantify the non-homogeneous behavior of our developed DFT, including the consideration of eight different sources of contamination. As part of the validation of FINC, an intercomparison campaign was conducted using an NX-illite suspension and an ambient aerosol sample with two other drop-freezing instruments: ETH's DRoplet Ice Nuclei Counter Zurich (DRINCZ) and University of Basel's LED-based ice nucleation detection apparatus (LINDA). We also tabulated an exhaustive list of peer-reviewed DFTs, to which we added our characterized and validated FINC. In addition, we propose herein the use of a water-soluble biopolymer, lignin, as a suitable ice nucleating standard. An ideal INM standard should be inexpensive, accessible, reproducible, unaffected by sample preparation, and consistent across techniques. First, we compare its freezing temperature across different drop-freezing instruments, including on DRINCZ and LINDA, and determine an empirical fit parameter for future drop freezing validations. Second, we show that commercial lignin has a consistent ice nucleating activity across product batches. Third, we demonstrate that the ice nucleating ability of aqueous lignin solutions are stable over time. With these findings, we aim to show that lignin can be used as a good immersion freezing standard in future technique intercomparisons in the field of atmospheric ice nucleation.

中文翻译:

液滴冷冻冰核计数器(FINC)的开发,液滴冷冻技术的比较,以及将可溶性木质素用作大气冰成核标准

摘要。气溶胶-云相互作用,包括由冰核颗粒(INP)和大分子(INM)引起的过冷液滴的冰核,是预测未来气候的不确定性来源。由于INP和INM的来源,数量和成分在空间和时间上存在异质性,因此预测其浓度和分布是一项挑战,需要使用适当的分析仪器。在这里,我们介绍了液滴冷冻冰成核计数器(FINC)的发展,液滴冷冻技术(DFT),用于在浸没冷冻模式下定量INP和INM浓度。FINC的设计建立在以前的DFT的基础上,并使用乙醇浴冷却样品等分试样,同时使用相机检测冻结。具体来说,FINC使用了288个5–60μL体积的样品孔,5μL的检测限为−25.37±0.15°C,仪器温度不确定度为±0.5°C。我们进一步进行了冷冻控制实验,以量化我们开发的DFT的非均质行为,包括考虑八个不同的污染源。作为FINC验证的一部分,使用NX-伊利石悬浮液和周围的气溶胶样品以及另外两种液滴冻结仪器进行了比对活动:苏黎世联邦理工学院的DRoplet冰核计数器(DRINCZ)和巴塞尔大学基于LED的冰核检测设备(LINDA)。我们还列出了经过同行评审的DFT的详尽列表,并在其中添加了经过特征验证的FINC。另外,我们在本文中建议使用水溶性生物聚合物木质素作为合适的冰成核标准。理想的INM标准应该便宜,易于获取,可重复生产,不受样品制备的影响,并且在所有技术上都应保持一致。首先,我们比较了包括DRINCZ和LINDA在内的不同液滴冻结仪器的冻结温度,并确定了经验拟合参数以用于将来的液滴冻结验证。其次,我们表明,商品木质素在不同批次的产品中具有一致的冰核活性。第三,我们证明木质素水溶液的冰成核能力随时间稳定。借助这些发现,我们旨在证明木质素可以作为大气冰核领域中未来技术比对的良好浸没冷冻标准。我们比较了包括DRINCZ和LINDA在内的不同液滴冻结仪器的冻结温度,并确定了经验拟合参数以用于将来的液滴冻结验证。其次,我们表明,商品木质素在不同批次的产品中具有一致的冰核活性。第三,我们证明木质素水溶液的冰成核能力随时间稳定。借助这些发现,我们旨在证明木质素可以作为大气冰核领域中未来技术比对的良好浸没冷冻标准。我们比较了包括DRINCZ和LINDA在内的不同液滴冻结仪器的冻结温度,并确定了经验拟合参数以用于将来的液滴冻结验证。其次,我们表明,商品木质素在不同批次的产品中具有一致的冰核活性。第三,我们证明木质素水溶液的冰成核能力随时间稳定。借助这些发现,我们旨在证明木质素可以作为大气冰核领域中未来技术比对的良好浸没冷冻标准。我们表明,商品木质素在不同批次的产品中具有一致的冰核活性。第三,我们证明木质素水溶液的冰成核能力随时间稳定。借助这些发现,我们旨在证明木质素可以作为大气冰核领域中未来技术比对的良好浸没冷冻标准。我们表明,商品木质素在不同批次的产品中具有一致的冰核活性。第三,我们证明木质素水溶液的冰成核能力随时间稳定。借助这些发现,我们旨在证明木质素可以作为大气冰核领域中未来技术比对的良好浸没冷冻标准。
更新日期:2020-11-12
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