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Introduction to the special Crop Science issue: Celebrating the International Year of Plant Health
Crop Science ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-21 , DOI: 10.1002/csc2.20342
Irwin Goldman 1
Affiliation  

1 THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANT HEALTH

Since the dawn of agriculture, humans have understood the critical connection between plant health and their own survival. Plant pests and diseases drove migratory patterns, determined demographic shifts, and altered the fates of empires. Strategies for protecting crops have always been critical to providing sustenance for a growing human population. The protection of crops is associated with good harvests and economic return for farmers, reductions in hunger and poverty, and improvements in environmental quality.

The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations estimates that up to 40% of food crops are lost due to plant pests and diseases annually, a startling figure that highlights the critical nature of plant health. Furthermore, climate change and other anthropogenic activities such as international trade have created new opportunities for pests and diseases that make their control much more difficult. The United Nations General Assembly declared 2020 as the International year of Plant Health (IYPH), in part to promote awareness of the relationship between plant health and human and planetary wellbeing. This issue of Crop Science showcases nine papers that report cutting edge research on this topic in wheat, common bean, and maize, in honor of IYPH. Each of these studies makes use of careful phenotyping in concert with advanced molecular analyses that allow deeper insights into crop genomes and potential strategies to improve host plant resistance.

Vikas et al. (2020) screened more than 19,000 wheat genotypes for resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, a causal organism of powdery mildew, one of the most important global wheat diseases. They identified a substantial number of resistant accessions, many of which were indigenous. A subset of 52 accessions were enumerated that contain the most promising resistance genes for future breeding efforts. Larkin et al. (2020) present genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and genomic prediction to identify markers associated with resistance to Fusarium head blight in soft red winter wheat. The disease is caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, which causes accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in infected seed heads. Their research highlighted a large number of significant associations for resistance across the genome and found selection models that significantly outperformed current models. Carpenter et al. (2020) mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to Fusarium head blight in a population of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross of the soft red winter wheat variety ‘Jamestown’ with Pioneer ‘25R47.’ Additional mapping using related populations validated QTL positions in different genetic backgrounds and provided the framework for marker‐assisted selection to improve resistance.

Mungalu et al. (2020) tackled the problem of developing resistance to the many races of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, an important pest of common bean. They evaluated a recombinant inbred line population for resistance to nine races of C. lindemuthianum in Lusaka, Zambia, and found 14 resistance QTLs on five chromosomes. Two major QTLs co‐localized with previously reported major genes; together, they provided resistance to all nine races and are ideal targets for marker‐assisted selection to develop varieties with durable resistance to anthracnose. Vaz Bisneta and Gonçalves‐Vidigal (2020) studied resistance proteins located close to known anthracnose resistance genes. The regions 500 kb upstream and downstream of the physical position of each anthracnose resistance locus were used in a candidate gene search. They detected 256 leucine‐rich repeat proteins and 200 protein kinases, and they can now study how they interact with resistance. Vidigal Filho et al. (2020) examined resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot, both of which threaten global common bean crops. They found Andean and Mesoamerican accessions that were resistant to multiple races of the causal pathogens for these diseases. A GWAS using these accessions found new resistance QTL on several chromosomes, which can now inform a breeding program designed to incorporate resistance to both diseases.

Kuki et al. (2020) examined resistance to fusarium ear rot caused by Fusarium verticillioides, a disease that impacts grain quality and yield of maize. They used GWAS and genomic prediction in a large collection of tropical maize lines grown in southern Brazil, and found associations with certain aspects of resistance. Associations with other aspects were not readily detectable, possibly masked by the effect of the environment on this trait. Thus, more work is required to validate the significance of the SNP associations found, and to improve prediction accuracy. Matova et al. (2020) described their efforts to breed fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)) resistant maize. The fall armyworm, recently introduced into Africa, has caused large yield losses, and this loss is compounded by other climate‐change induced stresses. This group concluded that an integrated pest management control strategy guided by cultural approaches already being used by farmers, coupled with insect resistance management and multi‐trait host‐plant resistance should be the best overall strategy. Finally, Sserumaga et al. (2020) studied tropical maize lines with resistance to common rust (Puccinia sorghi Schwein) evaluated in Uganda. They also assessed the genetic diversity and population structure within these lines. Their work suggests that highly resistant lines can be developed by recycling genetically distant lines containing multiple, valuable resistance genes.



中文翻译:

特殊作物科学问题简介:庆祝国际植物健康年

1植物健康的重要性

自农业问世以来,人类已经了解了植物健康与自身生存之间的关键联系。植物病虫害推动了迁徙方式的发展,确定了人口结构的变化,并改变了帝国的命运。保护作物的策略一直是为不断增长的人口提供食物的关键。作物的保护与农民的丰收和经济回报,饥饿和贫困的减少以及环境质量的改善有关。

联合国粮食及农业组织估计,每年由于植物病虫害而损失的粮食作物多达40%,这一惊人数字突出了植物健康的关键性质。此外,气候变化和其他人为活动(如国际贸易)为病虫害创造了新的机会,使病虫害的防治更加困难。联合国大会宣布2020年为国际植物健康年(IYPH),部分目的是提高人们对植物健康与人类和地球福祉之间关系的认识。本期作物科学为了纪念IYPH,展示了9篇论文,报道了在小麦,菜豆和玉米中有关该主题的前沿研究。这些研究中的每一项都结合了仔细的表型分析和先进的分子分析,可以对农作物基因组和提高宿主植物抗性的潜在策略进行更深入的了解。

维卡斯等。(2020)筛选了超过19,000个基因型的小麦对Blumeria graminis f的抗性。sp。小麦是白粉病的致病生物,是全球最重要的小麦疾病之一。他们确定了许多抗性种质,其中许多是土著。列举了52个种质的子集,其中包含最有希望的抗性基因,可用于未来的育种工作。Larkin等。(2020)目前的全基因组关联研究(GWAS)和基因组预测,以鉴定与软红冬小麦抗枯萎病相关的标记。该病是由真菌病原镰刀菌引起的,这会导致霉菌毒素脱氧雪腐酚在被感染的种子头中积累。他们的研究强调了整个基因组抗性的大量重要关联,并发现选择模型明显优于当前模型。Carpenter等。(2020年)绘制了一个数量性状基因位点(QTL),该基因位点与软性红冬小麦品种“ Jamestown”与Pioneer“ 25R47”杂交的重组自交系群体对枯萎病的抗性有关。使用相关人群进行的其他作图可验证不同遗传背景下的QTL位置,并提供了标记辅助选择的框架以提高抗性。

Mungalu等。(2020)解决了对普通豆的重要害虫Colletotrichum lindemuthianum引起的许多种炭疽病产生抗药性的问题。他们评估了一个重组自交系种群对赞比亚卢萨卡的9个种的C. lindemuthianum的抗性,并在5条染色体上发现了14个抗性QTL。两个主要的QTL与先前报道的主要基因共定位;它们共同提供了对所有9个种族的抗性,是标记辅助选择以开发对炭疽病具有持久抗性的理想目标。Vaz Bisneta和Gonçalves-Vidigal(2020)研究了位于已知炭疽病抗性基因附近的抗性蛋白。每个炭疽病抗性基因座物理位置上游和下游500 kb的区域用于候选基因搜索。他们检测了256个富含亮氨酸的重复蛋白和200个蛋白激酶,现在他们可以研究它们如何与抗性相互作用。Vidigal Filho等。(2020年)研究了炭疽病和角叶斑病的抗药性,两者均威胁全球普通豆类作物。他们发现对这些疾病的多种病原体具有抗性的安第斯和中美洲种质。使用这些种质的GWAS在几个染色体上发现了新的抗性QTL,这现在可以为旨在整合对两种疾病的抗性的育种计划提供依据。

Kuki等。(2020年)研究了对小麦镰刀菌引起的镰刀菌腐烂的抵抗力,这种病害影响谷物的品质和玉米的产量。他们在巴西南部种植的大量热带玉米品系中使用了GWAS和基因组预测,并发现了与某些抗性方面的关联。与其他方面的关联不容易被检测到,可能被环境对该特征的影响所掩盖。因此,需要更多的工作来验证发现的SNP关联的重要性,并提高预测准确性。Matova等。(2020)描述了他们培育秋天粘虫(Spodoptera frugiperda)的努力。(JE Smith))抗性玉米。最近引入非洲的秋天粘虫造成了巨大的单产损失,而这种损失又因其他气候变化引起的压力而加剧。该小组的结论是,以农民已经采用的文化方法为指导的综合虫害管理控制策略,再结合昆虫抗性管理和多特征寄主植物抗性,应该是最佳的总体策略。最后,Sserumaga等。(2020)研究了具有抗普通锈病(Puccinia sorghiSchwein)在乌干达进行了评估。他们还评估了这些品系中的遗传多样性和种群结构。他们的工作表明,可以通过回收包含多个有价值的抗性基因的远距离遗传系来开发高抗性系。

更新日期:2020-11-12
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