Poor manure management practices lead to excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in soils that are still common in many countries in Europe. One way to optimize the economic returns and at the same time minimize the environmental impacts of poor manure management is by Variable Rate Manure (VRM) application. This work aimed at the evaluation of potential economic benefits of VRM application, compared to Uniform Rate Manure (URM) application, using advanced sensing, modeling and control technologies. Soil fertility attributes were measured using an on-line visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy sensor, and crop normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was retrieved from Sentinel-2 images in a field of 8 ha with wheat in Flanders, Belgium. The predicted soil properties and the crop NDVI were clustered into a four-class fertility map using the k-mean clustering, each of which has different fertility level. The fertility map was overlaid by parallel strips representing URM, VRM1 and VRM2 treatments. VRM1 intended to apply 40 % more manure than URM to high fertility zones, 20 % more to medium-high fertility zones, 20 % less to medium-low fertility zones, and 40 % less to low fertility zones, whereas VRM2 adopted the opposite approach to that of VRM1. Results showed that VRM2 had increased crop yield by 1.5 % (0.19 t/ha), but reduced applied N by 4.1 % (11.01 kg/ha) and P by 7.1 % (3.72 kg/ha), compared to URM. The VRM1 approach consumed extra N of 5.21 kg/ha (1.8 %) and extra P of 1.63 kg/ha (3.1 %), to achieve a yield increase of 0.31 t/ha with a profit of 40.06 EUR/ha (2.1 %), compared to URM. However, a slightly smaller profit of VRM2 of 36.32 EUR/ha was calculated. Although VRM1 was more profitable than VRM2 by 0.2 % (3.74 EUR/ha), the latter is recommended as the best approach, as VRM1 increased environmental risks in the sense of increasing both N and P applied, by 5.9 % (17.12 kg/ha) and 10.4 % (5.35 kg/ha), respectively.

粪便管理不善会导致土壤中的氮（N）和磷（P）过多，在欧洲许多国家仍然很常见。优化经济收益并同时最大程度地减少不良粪肥管理对环境的影响的一种方法是可变速率粪肥（VRM）应用。这项工作旨在使用先进的传感，建模和控制技术，与统一速率肥料（URM）应用相比，评估VRM应用的潜在经济利益。使用在线可见光和近红外（vis-NIR）光谱传感器测量土壤肥力属性，并在Flanders的8公顷小麦田中，从Sentinel-2图像中检索作物归一化植被指数（NDVI），比利时。使用k均值聚类，将预测的土壤性质和农作物NDVI聚类为四类肥力图，每个肥力图具有不同的肥力水平。生育力图由代表URM，VRM1和VRM2处理的平行条覆盖。VRM1打算在高肥力区施用比URM多40％的肥料，中高肥力区施用20％的肥料，中低肥力区减少20％的肥料，低肥力区减少40％的肥料，而VRM2采用相反的方法到VRM1。结果表明，与URM相比，VRM2使作物产量提高了1.5％（0.19吨/公顷），但施用的氮减少了4.1％（11.01千克/公顷），磷减少了7.1％（3.72千克/公顷）。VRM1方法消耗了额外的5.21千克/公顷（1.8％）的氮和1.63千克/公顷（3.1％）的额外P，实现了0.31吨/公顷的增产，利润为40.06欧元/公顷（2.1％） ，与URM相比。但是，计算得出的VRM2利润略微为36.32 EUR / ha。尽管VRM1比VRM2的利润高0.2％（3.74 EUR / ha），但还是建议将后者作为最佳方法，因为VRM1在增加氮和磷的同时会增加5.9％（17.12 kg / ha）的环境风险。 ）和10.4％（5.35 kg / ha）。