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Credibility beyond compliance: Uncertified smallholders in sustainable food systems
Ecological Economics ( IF 7 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106767
Shana M. Starobin

Abstract This article examines the phenomenon of uncertified producers of otherwise certifiable organic food embedded in value chains whose farm products conform to elevated environmental standards. Having embraced so called “beyond organic” cultivation approaches—including agroecology, biodynamic, and permaculture—producers undertaking restorative ecological practices on their farms are certification worthy, in principle, while remaining either unwilling or unable to pay to upgrade to premium markets, in practice. Confronted with the trade-off between allocating scarce resources to compliance and credibility—producers creating collective public goods may do so at the expense of being able to signal the credibility of their actions as environmental stewards along value chains, as through private, third party certification schemes. Drawing on insights from multiple waves of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Nicaragua beginning in 2007, I show how this credibility dilemma exacerbates challenges already facing smallholders—including livelihood insecurity, political instability, and environmental degradation—demanding new institutional innovations that effectively lower the cost of credibility. In Nicaragua, peasant associations responded to this challenge by advancing an innovative institutional arrangement—the Grupo de Promocion de Agricultura Ecologica (GPAE) marca de confianza, Group for the Promotion of Ecological Agriculture's trademark of trust—to commercialize fresh produce destined for local consumption and new niche markets via networks of trusted producer communities.

中文翻译:

超越合规的可信度:可持续粮食系统中未经认证的小农

摘要 本文研究了未经认证的有机食品生产商嵌入价值链中的现象,这些生产商的农产品符合更高的环境标准。接受了所谓的“超越有机”种植方法——包括农业生态学、生物动力法和永续农业——生产者在他们的农场采取恢复性生态实践原则上是值得认证的,但在实践中仍然不愿意或无法支付升级到优质市场的费用. 面临着将稀缺资源分配给合规性和可信度之间的权衡——创造集体公共产品的生产者可能会这样做,代价是无法通过私人第三方认证来表明他们作为价值链环境管理者的行动的可信度计划。借鉴从 2007 年开始在尼加拉瓜进行的多波民族志实地考察的见解,我展示了这种可信度困境如何加剧小农已经面临的挑战——包括生计不安全、政治不稳定和环境退化——需要新的制度创新来有效降低可信度成本. 在尼加拉瓜,农民协会通过推进创新的制度安排来应对这一挑战——Grupo de Promocion de Agricultura Ecologica (GPAE) marca de confianza,生态农业促进组织的信任商标——将用于当地消费的新鲜农产品商业化,通过可信赖的生产者社区网络建立新的利基市场。我展示了这种可信度困境如何加剧小农已经面临的挑战——包括生计不安全、政治不稳定和环境退化——需要新的制度创新来有效降低可信度成本。在尼加拉瓜,农民协会通过推进创新的制度安排来应对这一挑战——Grupo de Promocion de Agricultura Ecologica (GPAE) marca de confianza,生态农业促进组织的信任商标——将用于当地消费的新鲜农产品商业化,通过可信赖的生产者社区网络建立新的利基市场。我展示了这种可信度困境如何加剧小农已经面临的挑战——包括生计不安全、政治不稳定和环境退化——需要新的制度创新来有效降低可信度成本。在尼加拉瓜,农民协会通过推进创新的制度安排来应对这一挑战——Grupo de Promocion de Agricultura Ecologica (GPAE) marca de confianza,生态农业促进组织的信任商标——将用于当地消费的新鲜农产品商业化,通过可信赖的生产者社区网络建立新的利基市场 和环境退化——需要有效降低可信度成本的新制度创新。在尼加拉瓜,农民协会通过推进创新的制度安排来应对这一挑战——Grupo de Promocion de Agricultura Ecologica (GPAE) marca de confianza,生态农业促进组织的信任商标——将用于当地消费的新鲜农产品商业化,通过可信赖的生产者社区网络建立新的利基市场。和环境退化——需要有效降低可信度成本的新制度创新。在尼加拉瓜,农民协会通过推进创新的制度安排来应对这一挑战——Grupo de Promocion de Agricultura Ecologica (GPAE) marca de confianza,生态农业促进组织的信任商标——将用于当地消费的新鲜农产品商业化,通过可信赖的生产者社区网络建立新的利基市场。
更新日期:2021-02-01
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