Abstract The development, validation, and applications of an object-oriented free-wake solver for multi-rotor and fixed-wing systems are outlined here. Advantages of utilizing the object-oriented philosophy for modeling the multi-rotor/wing free-wake problem are described. To explore the feasibility of utilizing conventional desktop workstations, the vortex lattice methodology’s time complexity is examined as an evolving n-body problem and the advantage gained from employing wake roll up models is demonstrated. Modifications in typical formulae to leverage features of multi-core systems and improvements in computational performance obtained from these modifications are illustrated using a roofline analysis. The free-wake solver incorporating these optimizations is then employed—after extensive validation—to simulate a distributed propulsion aircraft and a multi-rotor urban mobility vehicle. The paper also proposes a novel lattice skew parameter for monitoring instabilities in wake solutions commonly observed in rotorcraft free-wake analysis.

中文翻译：

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多旋翼/机翼系统不稳定自由尾流分析的并行、面向对象框架

摘要 这里概述了面向对象的多旋翼和固定翼系统自由尾流求解器的开发、验证和应用。描述了利用面向对象的哲学对多旋翼/机翼自由尾流问题进行建模的优点。为了探索利用传统桌面工作站的可行性，涡旋晶格方法的时间复杂度作为一个不断发展的 n 体问题进行了检查，并证明了采用尾流卷起模型所获得的优势。使用屋顶线分析说明了典型公式中的修改以利用多核系统的功能以及从这些修改中获得的计算性能的改进。然后，在经过广泛验证后，采用结合了这些优化的自由尾流求解器来模拟分布式推进飞机和多旋翼城市机动车辆。该论文还提出了一种新的晶格偏斜参数，用于监测旋翼机自由尾流分析中常见的尾流解中的不稳定性。