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High-temperature creep of magnetite and ilmenite single crystals
Physics and Chemistry of Minerals ( IF 1.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-09 , DOI: 10.1007/s00269-020-01122-6 J. L. Till , E. Rybacki
Physics and Chemistry of Minerals ( IF 1.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-09 , DOI: 10.1007/s00269-020-01122-6 J. L. Till , E. Rybacki
We performed deformation experiments on dry natural single crystals of magnetite and ilmenite to determine the rheological behavior of these oxide minerals as a function of temperature, orientation, and oxygen fugacity. Samples were deformed at temperatures of 825–1150 ∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\,^{\circ }$$\end{document}C to axial strains of up to 15–24% under approximately constant stress conditions up to 120 MPa in a dead-load-type creep rig at ambient pressure in a controlled gas atmosphere. Oxygen fugacity ranged from 10-9.4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{-9.4}$$\end{document} to 10-4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{-4}$$\end{document} atm. Ilmenite creep was insensitive to oxygen fugacity, while magnetite displayed a strong, non-monotonic oxygen fugacity dependence, with creep rates varying as fO2-0.7\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$f_{O_{2}}^{-0.7}$$\end{document} and fO20.4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$f_{O_{2}}^{0.4}$$\end{document} at more reducing and more oxidizing conditions, respectively. Dislocation creep rates of magnetite single crystals were weakly dependent on crystallographic orientation with stress exponents that varied between 2.8 and 4.3 (mean 3.5 ± 0.4). Magnetite compressed parallel to <100>, <110>, and <111> axes exhibited apparent activation energies of 315±5, 345±30, and 290±5 kJ/mol, respectively. We estimated fO2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${f_O}_2$$\end{document}-independent magnetite activation energies of 715 ± 150, 725 ± 145, and 690 ± 150 kJ/mol for <100>, <110>, and <111> orientations, respectively, in the region of negative fO2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${f_O}_2$$\end{document}-dependence. Ilmenite single crystals were compressed parallel, normal, and inclined to the c-axis. Stress exponents of 3.4, 4.3, and 3.9 indicate dislocation creep with activation energies of 420 ± 35, 345 ± 30, and 360 ± 40 kJ/mol, respectively, for these orientations. Mechanical anisotropy in ilmenite is notably higher than in magnetite, as expected from its lower crystal symmetry. Constitutive equations were formulated for ilmenite and magnetite creep.
中文翻译:
磁铁矿和钛铁矿单晶的高温蠕变
我们对磁铁矿和钛铁矿的干燥天然单晶进行了变形实验,以确定这些氧化物矿物作为温度、取向和氧逸度的函数的流变行为。样品在 825-1150 的温度下变形 ∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage {upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\,^{\circ }$$\end{document}C 在近似恒定应力条件下达到 15–24% 的轴向应变在受控气体环境中的环境压力下,在恒载型蠕变钻机中最高可达 120 MPa。氧逸度范围为10-9。4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin} {-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{-9.4}$$\end{document} 到 10-4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{-4}$$\end{document} atm . 钛铁矿蠕变对氧逸度不敏感,而磁铁矿表现出强烈的非单调氧逸度依赖性,蠕变速率随 fO2-0 变化。7\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin} {-69pt} \begin{document}$$f_{O_{2}}^{-0.7}$$\end{document} 和 fO20.4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{ wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$f_{O_{2} }^{0.4}$$\end{document} 分别在更多还原和更多氧化条件下。磁铁矿单晶的位错蠕变速率弱依赖于晶体取向,应力指数在 2.8 和 4.3 之间变化(平均 3.5 ± 0.4)。平行于 <100>、<110> 和 <111> 压缩的磁铁矿 轴的表观活化能分别为 315±5、345±30 和 290±5 kJ/mol。我们估计 fO2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\ oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${f_O}_2$$\end{document} 独立的磁铁矿活化能为 <100> 的 715 ± 150、725 ± 145 和 690 ± 150 kJ/mol, <110> 和 <111> 方向分别在负 fO2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy } \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${f_O}_2$$\end{document}-依赖。钛铁矿单晶被压缩平行、垂直和倾斜于 c 轴。对于这些方向,3.4、4.3 和 3.9 的应力指数表明位错蠕变的活化能分别为 420 ± 35、345 ± 30 和 360 ± 40 kJ/mol。钛铁矿的机械各向异性明显高于磁铁矿,正如其较低的晶体对称性所预期的那样。为钛铁矿和磁铁矿蠕变制定了本构方程。
更新日期:2020-11-09
中文翻译:
磁铁矿和钛铁矿单晶的高温蠕变
我们对磁铁矿和钛铁矿的干燥天然单晶进行了变形实验,以确定这些氧化物矿物作为温度、取向和氧逸度的函数的流变行为。样品在 825-1150 的温度下变形 ∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage {upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\,^{\circ }$$\end{document}C 在近似恒定应力条件下达到 15–24% 的轴向应变在受控气体环境中的环境压力下,在恒载型蠕变钻机中最高可达 120 MPa。氧逸度范围为10-9。4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin} {-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{-9.4}$$\end{document} 到 10-4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{-4}$$\end{document} atm . 钛铁矿蠕变对氧逸度不敏感,而磁铁矿表现出强烈的非单调氧逸度依赖性,蠕变速率随 fO2-0 变化。7\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin} {-69pt} \begin{document}$$f_{O_{2}}^{-0.7}$$\end{document} 和 fO20.4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{ wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$f_{O_{2} }^{0.4}$$\end{document} 分别在更多还原和更多氧化条件下。磁铁矿单晶的位错蠕变速率弱依赖于晶体取向,应力指数在 2.8 和 4.3 之间变化(平均 3.5 ± 0.4)。平行于 <100>、<110> 和 <111> 压缩的磁铁矿 轴的表观活化能分别为 315±5、345±30 和 290±5 kJ/mol。我们估计 fO2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\ oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${f_O}_2$$\end{document} 独立的磁铁矿活化能为 <100> 的 715 ± 150、725 ± 145 和 690 ± 150 kJ/mol, <110> 和 <111> 方向分别在负 fO2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy } \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${f_O}_2$$\end{document}-依赖。钛铁矿单晶被压缩平行、垂直和倾斜于 c 轴。对于这些方向,3.4、4.3 和 3.9 的应力指数表明位错蠕变的活化能分别为 420 ± 35、345 ± 30 和 360 ± 40 kJ/mol。钛铁矿的机械各向异性明显高于磁铁矿,正如其较低的晶体对称性所预期的那样。为钛铁矿和磁铁矿蠕变制定了本构方程。