The intensive use of pesticides is a common practice for the management of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, in greenhouses and field farms of Ethiopia. However, incidence of resistance and possible resistance mechanisms in T. urticae populations from Ethiopia have not yet been studied. Here, we assessed the toxicity of various acaricides—bifenazate, abamectin, emamectin benzoate, profenofos, fenbutatin oxide, fenpyroximate, amitraz and chlorfenapyr—on T. urticae populations sampled from six flower greenhouse farms, three strawberry greenhouse farms, one field-grown vegetable farm and two wild populations. In parallel, all populations were screened for known target-site mutations. All tested populations were fully susceptible to bifenazate, abamectin, emamectin benzoate and profenofos, but resistant against fenbutatin oxide and fenpyroximate. Four populations showed considerable levels of resistance against amitraz and one population was resistant to chlorfenapyr. Several target-site mutations were identified in the tested populations, including G119S, A201S, T280A, G328A and F331W/C/Y in acetylcholinesterase and the F1538I and L1024V mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel. The F1538I mutation was found in eight out of 12 populations, whereas the L1024V mutation was only found in two populations. The H92R mutation in the PSST subunit of complex I and the I1017F mutation in chitin synthase 1 was detected in half of the tested populations. The G326E and I321T mutations in the glutamate-gated chloride channel 3 were also detected, but more rarely, whereas mitochondrial cytochrome b mutations were not detected. The current study revealed multiple resistance patterns in Ethiopian T. urticae populations and together with the wide presence of target-site mutations, calls for the wise use of acaricides in the management of T. urticae in Ethiopia.

在埃塞俄比亚的温室和田间农场中，大量使用农药是管理两斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的常见做法。然而，尚未研究埃塞俄比亚锥虫种群中的抗药性发生率和可能的抗药机制。在这里，我们评估了各种杀螨剂（联苯吡唑酯，阿巴菌素，阿曼菌素苯甲酸酯，普罗芬诺斯，芬非他丁氧化物，芬吡肟酯，阿米特拉和氯芬那普）对荨麻疹的毒性。从六个花卉温室农场，三个草莓温室农场，一个田间种植蔬菜农场和两个野生种群中取样。同时，针对所有种群筛选已知的靶位点突变。所有接受测试的人群均对联苯那扎酯，阿巴菌素，苯甲酰胺阿玛菌素和丙酸芬非磷完全敏感，但对氧化芬特布丁和芬吡肟有抗药性。四种群显示出对甲虫的相当水平的抵抗力，而一种群对氯芬那比具有抵抗力。在测试人群中鉴定出几个靶位点突变，包括乙酰胆碱酯酶中的G119S，A201S，T280A，G328A和F331W / C / Y以及电压门控钠通道中的F1538I和L1024V突变。在12个种群中的8个种群中发现了F1538I突变，而在两个种群中仅发现了L1024V突变。在一半的测试人群中检测到复合物I的PSST亚基中的H92R突变和几丁质合酶1中的I1017F突变。谷氨酸门控氯通道3中的G326E和I321T突变也被检测到，但很少见，而线粒体细胞色素b突变未检测到。当前的研究揭示了埃塞俄比亚的多种抵抗模式荨麻疹人群以及广泛存在的靶位点突变，要求在埃塞俄比亚明智地使用杀螨剂处理荨麻疹。