S-nitrosylation (SNO) is a covalent post-translational oxidative modification. The reaction is the nitroso group (–NO) to a reactive cysteine thiol within a protein to form the SNO. In recent years, a variety of proteins in human body have been found to undergo thiol nitrosylation under specific conditions. Protein SNO, which is closely related to cardiovascular disease, Parkinson’s syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease and tumors, plays an important role in regulatory mechanism of protein function in both physiological and pathological pathways, such as in cellular homeostasis and metabolism. This review discusses possible molecular mechanisms protein SNO modification, such as the role of NO in vivo and the formation mechanism of SNO, with particular emphasis on mechanisms utilized by SNO to cause certain diseases of human. Importantly, the effect of SNO on diseases is multifaceted and multi-channel, and its critical value in vivo is not well defined. Intracellular redox environment is also a key factor affecting its level. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the equilibrium relationship between SNO and denitrosylation pathway in the future researches. These findings provide theoretical support for the improvement or treatment of diseases from the point of view of SNO.

S-亚硝基化（SNO）是共价的翻译后氧化修饰。反应是蛋白质中反应性半胱氨酸硫醇的亚硝基（–NO）形成SNO。近年来，已发现人体中的各种蛋白质在特定条件下会进行巯基亚硝基化。蛋白质SNO与心血管疾病，帕金森综合症，阿尔茨海默氏病和肿瘤密切相关，在生理和病理途径（如细胞稳态和代谢）中，在蛋白质功能的调节机制中起着重要作用。这篇综述讨论了蛋白质SNO修饰的可能分子机制，例如NO在体内的作用和SNO的形成机制，特别着重于SNO用来引起人类某些疾病的机制。重要的，SNO对疾病的影响是多方面的，多渠道的，其在体内的关键价值尚不明确。细胞内氧化还原环境也是影响其水平的关键因素。因此，在今后的研究中，应更加关注SNO与脱氮途径之间的平衡关系。这些发现从SNO的角度为疾病的改善或治疗提供了理论支持。