Hormonal contraceptives are one of the most widely utilized prescriptions for premenopausal women worldwide. While the risk of venous and arterial cardiovascular events (ex. deep vein thrombosis, arterial clotting) with hormonal contraceptives, specifically oral contraceptive pills, has been established, the literature on early risk indicators, such as peripheral vascular structure and function has yet to be consolidated. The purpose of this review is to summarize literature examining the impact of different hormonal contraceptives on vascular function and structure, including consideration of phasic differences within a contraceptive cycle, and to propose future directions for research. It is evident that hormonal contraceptive use appears to impact both macro- and microvascular endothelial function, with phasic differences in some contraceptive types dependent on progestin type, the ratio of ethinyl estradiol-to-progestin, and route of administration. However, hormonal contraceptives do not appear to impact smooth muscle function in the macro- or microvasculature, arterial stiffness, or vascular structure. Underlying mechanisms for observed impacts and areas of future research are discussed. This review provides timely consolidation of research examining hormonal contraceptives and peripheral vascular function and structure and provides guidance on considerations for hormonal contraceptive use in study design.

中文翻译：

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激素避孕药对绝经前女性外周血管功能和结构的影响：综述。

激素避孕药是全世界绝经前妇女使用最广泛的处方之一。尽管已经确定激素避孕药，特别是口服避孕药的发生静脉和动脉心血管事件（例如深静脉血栓形成，动脉凝结）的风险，但有关早期风险指标（例如外周血管结构和功能）的文献尚未建立合并。这篇综述的目的是总结研究不同激素避孕药对血管功能和结构的影响的文献，包括考虑避孕周期内的相差，并提出未来的研究方向。显然，激素避孕药的使用似乎会影响大血管和微血管的内皮功能，某些避孕类型的相位差异取决于孕激素类型，乙炔雌二醇与孕激素的比例以及给药途径。但是，激素避孕药似乎不影响大血管或微血管，动脉僵硬度或血管结构中的平滑肌功能。讨论了观察到的影响的潜在机制和未来研究的领域。这篇综述为研究激素避孕药和周围血管功能和结构的研究提供了及时的巩固，并为研究设计中激素避孕药使用的考虑提供了指导。动脉僵硬或血管结构。讨论了观察到的影响的潜在机制和未来研究的领域。这篇综述为研究激素避孕药和周围血管功能和结构的研究提供了及时的巩固，并为研究设计中激素避孕药使用的考虑提供了指导。动脉僵硬或血管结构。讨论了观察到的影响的潜在机制和未来研究的领域。这篇综述为研究激素避孕药和周围血管功能和结构的研究提供了及时的巩固，并为研究设计中激素避孕药使用的考虑提供了指导。