DNA computing is recognized as one of the most outstanding candidates of next‐generation molecular computers that perform Boolean logic using DNAs as basic elements. Benefiting from DNAs’ inherent merits of low‐cost, easy‐synthesis, excellent biocompatibility, and high programmability, DNA computing has evoked substantial interests and gained burgeoning advancements in recent decades, and also exhibited amazing magic in smart bio‐applications. In this review, recent achievements of DNA logic computing systems using multifarious materials as building blocks are summarized. Initially, the operating principles and functions of different logic devices (common logic gates, advanced arithmetic and non‐arithmetic logic devices, versatile logic library, etc.) are elaborated. Afterward, state‐of‐the‐art DNA computing systems based on diverse “toolbox” materials, including typical functional DNA motifs (aptamer, metal‐ion dependent DNAzyme, G‐quadruplex, i‐motif, triplex, etc.), DNA tool‐enzymes, non‐DNA biomaterials (natural enzyme, protein, antibody), nanomaterials (AuNPs, magnetic beads, graphene oxide, polydopamine nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, DNA‐templated nanoclusters, upconversion nanoparticles, quantum dots, etc.) or polymers, 2D/3D DNA nanostructures (circular/interlocked DNA, DNA tetrahedron/polyhedron, DNA origami, etc.) are reviewed. The smart bio‐applications of DNA computing to the fields of intelligent analysis/diagnosis, cell imaging/therapy, amongst others, are further outlined. More importantly, current “Achilles’ heels” and challenges are discussed, and future promising directions of this field are also recommended.

中文翻译：

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利用材料的力量推动 DNA 计算：创新 DNA 逻辑计算系统和智能生物应用的最新进展

DNA 计算被认为是下一代分子计算机最杰出的候选者之一，它使用 DNA 作为基本元素执行布尔逻辑。受益于DNA低成本、易合成、良好的生物相容性和高度可编程性等固有优点，DNA计算近几十年来引起了人们的极大兴趣并取得了迅速发展，在智能生物应用中也展现了惊人的魔力。在这篇综述中，总结了使用多种材料作为构建块的 DNA 逻辑计算系统的最新成就。首先阐述了不同逻辑器件（普通逻辑门、高级算术和非算术逻辑器件、通用逻辑库等）的工作原理和功能。随后，基于各种“工具箱”材料的最先进的 DNA 计算系统，包括典型的功能性 DNA 基序（适体、金属离子依赖性 DNAzyme、G-quadruplex、i-motif、triplex 等）、DNA 工具‐酶、非DNA生物材料（天然酶、蛋白质、抗体）、纳米材料（AuNP、磁珠、氧化石墨烯、聚多巴胺纳米颗粒、碳纳米管、DNA模板纳米簇、上转换纳米颗粒、量子点等）或聚合物、2D /3D DNA 纳米结构（环状/互锁 DNA、DNA 四面体/多面体、DNA 折纸等）进行了综述。进一步概述了DNA计算在智能分析/诊断、细胞成像/治疗等领域的智能生物应用。更重要的是，讨论了当前的“阿喀琉斯之踵”和挑战，并提出了该领域未来的发展方向。