Abstract Among the fastest sinking cities globally, the metropolitan area of Mexico City is the target of an unprecedented satellite investigation based on over 300 Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometric Wide swath mode scenes acquired in 2014–2020. Two-pass differential Interferometric SAR (InSAR) and the parallelized Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) repeat-pass InSAR approach provide a complete account of spatial patterns, long-term trend and present-day settlement rates affecting the city. The 3D deformation field reveals that foremost is the role of the vertical velocity VU, with peaks of −38.7 cm/year in Nezahualcoyotl, −32.0 cm/year in Gustavo A. Madero and Venustiano Carranza, and −39.1 cm/year in Iztapalapa. Settlement at the metropolitan Cathedral in Cuauhtemoc is ongoing at up to −8.8 cm/year, consistently with the last six decades. Volcanic edifices mark ground stability “islets” inside the main subsidence bowls. East-west rates are limited, except for some horizontal strain (up to ±5 cm/year) within the subsidence bowls. Comparison with surface geology and geotechnical zoning confirms that aquitard compaction is the predominant process. The power relationship between VU [cm/year] and the thickness of lacustrine clay deposits HC [m] is: V U = 1 76 ∗ H C 1.8 . The 2019–2020 deformation scenario shows that subsidence still involves most of Nezahualcoyotl, with −3.0 cm/month VU. A well-defined long-term deformation behaviour comes out from 2014–2019 InSAR time series and comparison with 2008–2020 GPS data. RMSE of 0.9 cm is found at MMX1 station deployed within the lacustrine unit, and 0.6 cm at TNGF station onto hard volcanic rocks. The sharpest subsidence gradients and angular distortions β in 2017–2019 (up to over 1/400, i.e. 0.14°) – thus the greatest vulnerability to surface faulting and cracking as a consequence of large tensile stress in the soil caused by differential settlement – are found at the foothills of Sierra de Santa Catarina, Penon del Marques, Cerro Chimalhuachi, Penon de los Banos and Sierra de Chichinautzin, where the transition unit is narrower (or absent). Faults and cracks develop where β > 1/3000, i.e. 0.03%, in 2017–2019. The observed width of the influence zone (i.e. damage band), where β is still significant to induce damage, is 250 m. Differential settlement and surface faulting could compromise the serviceability of housing and utility infrastructure. It is estimated that over 457,000 properties and 1.5 million inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area (ZMVM) are in zones at high to very high surface faulting risk, mainly in Iztapalapa, Tlahuac, Chimalhuacan and Chalco. Increased flood exposure due to formation of topographic depressions involves over 751,000 properties and ~2.7 million inhabitants of the ZMVM, mainly in Nezahualcoyotl, Tlahuac, Venustiano Carranza, Iztapalapa, Gustavo A. Madero and Ecatepec de Morelos. These municipalities are often hit by catastrophic floods.

中文翻译：

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2014-2020 年 Sentinel-1 IW InSAR 墨西哥城当前的地面沉降率、地表断层危害和风险

摘要 在全球下沉速度最快的城市中，墨西哥城大都市区是基于 2014-2020 年获取的 300 多个 Sentinel-1 合成孔径雷达 (SAR) 干涉宽幅模式场景的史无前例的卫星调查的目标。双通道差分干涉 SAR (InSAR) 和并行化小基线子集 (SBAS) 重复通道 InSAR 方法提供了对影响城市的空间模式、长期趋势和当前定居率的完整说明。3D 变形场显示，最重要的是垂直速度 VU 的作用，Nezahualcoyotl 的峰值为 -38.7 cm/年，Gustavo A. Madero 和 Venustiano Carranza 的峰值为 -32.0 cm/年，Iztapalapa 的峰值为 -39.1 cm/年。Cuauhtemoc 的大都会大教堂的定居点正在以高达 -8.8 厘米/年的速度进行，与过去的六年一致。火山建筑物标志着主要沉降碗内的地面稳定“小岛”。除了沉降碗内的一些水平应变（高达 ±5 厘米/年）外，东西向速率是有限的。与地表地质和岩土分区的比较证实，透水层压实是主要过程。VU [cm/year] 与湖相粘土沉积厚度HC [m] 的幂关系为：VU = 1 76 ∗ HC 1.8 。2019-2020 年的变形情景表明，下沉仍涉及内萨瓦尔科约特尔的大部分地区，VU 为 -3.0 厘米/月。2014-2019 年 InSAR 时间序列以及与 2008-2020 年 GPS 数据的比较得出了明确定义的长期变形行为。部署在湖泊单元内的 MMX1 站的 RMSE 为 0.9 cm，而 TNGF 站部署在坚硬的火山岩上的 RMSE 为 0.6 cm。2017-2019 年最陡峭的沉降梯度和角度畸变 β（高达 1/400 以上，即 0.14°）——因此，由于差异沉降引起的土壤中的大拉应力，最容易受到地表断层和开裂的影响——是发现于 Sierra de Santa Catarina、Penon del Marques、Cerro Chimalhuachi、Penon de los Banos 和 Sierra de Chichinautzin 的山麓，那里的过渡单元较窄（或不存在）。在 2017-2019 年，β > 1/3000，即 0.03% 的地方会出现断层和裂缝。观察到的影响区（即损伤带）的宽度为 250 m，其中 β 对诱导损伤仍然很重要。差异沉降和地表断层可能会损害住房和公用事业基础设施的适用性。据估计，超过 457,000 处房产和 1. 墨西哥谷都会区 (ZMVM) 的 500 万居民处于地表断层风险高到非常高的地区，主要位于伊斯塔帕拉帕、特拉瓦克、奇马尔瓦坎和查尔科。由于地形洼地的形成而增加的洪水风险涉及 ZMVM 的 751,000 多处房产和约 270 万居民，主要位于 Nezahualcoyotl、Tlahuac、Venustiano Carranza、Iztapalapa、Gustavo A. Madero 和 Ecatepec de Morelos。这些城市经常遭受灾难性洪水的袭击。马德罗和埃卡特佩克德莫雷洛斯。这些城市经常遭受灾难性洪水的袭击。马德罗和埃卡特佩克德莫雷洛斯。这些城市经常遭受灾难性洪水的袭击。