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An Evolutionary Remedy for an Abominable Physiological Mystery: Benign Hyperglycemia in Birds
Journal of Molecular Evolution ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-08 , DOI: 10.1007/s00239-020-09970-0
Carlos Martinez Del Rio 1 , Yocelyn T Gutiérrez-Guerrero 2
Affiliation  

Relative to other vertebrates, birds have unusually high blood glucose levels. In humans, the hyperglycemia observed in birds would be associated with diabetes mellitus and the non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, which leads to the accumulation of advanced glycation products and to a plethora of microvascular pathologies. How do birds avoid the negative effects of hyperglycemia? Anthony-Regnitz et al. (J Mol Evol 88: 653–661, 2020) discovered that birds might have evolved glycation-resistant proteins. Serum albumin is an important multifunctional protein susceptible to glycation. Anthony-Regnitz et al. (J Mol Evol 88: 653–661, 2020) found that chicken albumin is resistant to glycation relative to bovine serum albumin. Protein glycation takes place primarily in lysine residues, which are less abundant in chicken than in bovine serum albumin. A multispecies comparison of serum albumin sequences revealed lower numbers of lysine residues in birds than in mammals. Benign hyperglycemia is a shared derived trait of birds and glycation resistance mechanisms appear to have accompanied its evolution. The evolution of benign hyperglycemia in birds coincided with a genomic upheaval that included the loss of important genes, including the one that codes for GLUT4, the transporter responsible for insulin-dependent glucose transport in other vertebrates’ insulin-sensitive cells. This loss seems to have resulted in the remodeling of the insulin-signaling pathway in bird tissues. Avian hyperglycemia has been considered a mystery for a long time. Although we remain ignorant of its origins and its repercussions for the physiology of birds, the discovery of resistance to glycation in bird serum albumin offers a path forward to solve this mystery.



中文翻译:

令人厌恶的生理之谜的进化疗法:鸟类的良性高血糖症

相对于其他脊椎动物,鸟类的血糖水平异常高。在人类中,在鸟类中观察到的高血糖与糖尿病有关以及蛋白质的非酶糖化,这导致晚期糖化产物的积累和过多的微血管病变。鸟类如何避免高血糖的负面影响?安东尼-雷格尼茨等。(J Mol Evol 88: 653–661, 2020) 发现鸟类可能已经进化出抗糖化蛋白。血清白蛋白是一种重要的多功能蛋白质,对糖化敏感。安东尼-雷格尼茨等。(J Mol Evol 88: 653–661, 2020) 发现鸡白蛋白相对于牛血清白蛋白具有抗糖化作用。蛋白质糖基化主要发生在赖氨酸残基中,在鸡中的含量低于牛血清白蛋白。血清白蛋白序列的多物种比较显示鸟类中赖氨酸残基的数量低于哺乳动物。良性高血糖是鸟类的共同衍生特征,糖基化抗性机制似乎伴随着它的进化。鸟类良性高血糖症的演变与基因组剧变同时发生,其中包括重要基因的丢失,其中包括编码 GLUT4 的基因,GLUT4 是负责其他脊椎动物胰岛素敏感细胞中胰岛素依赖性葡萄糖转运的转运蛋白。这种损失似乎导致了鸟类组织中胰岛素信号通路的重塑。长期以来,禽类高血糖一直被认为是一个谜。尽管我们仍然不知道它的起源及其对鸟类生理学的影响,但鸟类血清白蛋白中糖基化抗性的发现为解开这个谜团提供了一条前进的道路。

更新日期:2020-11-09
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