Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicle actively secreted by almost all eukaryotic cells. They are ideal candidates for reliable next-generation biomarkers in the early diagnosis and therapeutic response evaluation of cancer. Thus, the quantification of exosomes is crucial in facilitating clinical research and application. Compared with traditional materials, nanomaterials have better optical, magnetic, electrical, and catalytic properties due to their small size, high specific surface area, and variable structure. The incorporation of nanomaterials into sensing systems is an attractive approach towards improving sensitivity and can provide improved sensor selectivity and stability. In this paper, we summarize the progress in nanomaterial-based exosome detection methods, including electrochemical biosensors, photoelectrochemical biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, fluorescence biosensors, chemiluminescence biosensors, electrochemiluminescence biosensors, surface plasmon resonance biosensors, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy biosensors. Moreover, future research directions and challenges in exosome detection methods are discussed. We hope that this article will offer an overview of nanomaterial-based exosome detection techniques and open new avenues in disease research.

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外泌体是一种由几乎所有真核细胞主动分泌的细胞外囊泡。它们是癌症早期诊断和治疗反应评估中可靠的下一代生物标志物的理想候选者。因此，外泌体的量化对于促进临床研究和应用至关重要。与传统材料相比，纳米材料具有体积小、比表面积大、结构可变等优点，具有更好的光、磁、电和催化性能。将纳米材料纳入传感系统是一种提高灵敏度的有吸引力的方法，可以提供改进的传感器选择性和稳定性。在本文中，我们总结了基于纳米材料的外泌体检测方法的进展，包括电化学生物传感器、光电化学生物传感器、比色生物传感器、荧光生物传感器、化学发光生物传感器、电化学发光生物传感器、表面等离子体共振生物传感器和表面增强拉曼光谱生物传感器。此外，讨论了外泌体检测方法的未来研究方向和挑战。我们希望本文将概述基于纳米材料的外泌体检测技术，并为疾病研究开辟新途径。

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