Antibiotics are pollutants that are constantly discharged into ocean and coastal wetlands and affect the growth and activity of microorganisms. Ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), which are very important in the global nitrogen cycle, are affected by antibiotics in the environment as well. Antibiotics have different influences on AOA and AOB microbial communities due to their different biochemical compositions and metabolic mechanisms, which change the ammonia‐oxidizing process in different environments. In this study, 62 samples from four typical coastal wetland types along the Bohai Rim were collected and treated with streptomycin sulfate and penicillin in the laboratory. The total ammonia oxidation rate decreased by 61.2–84.0% with streptomycin sulfate and decreased by 50.0–74.5% with penicillin. The significant change in abundance and community structure indicated that AOB were more inhibited than AOA by streptomycin sulfate and penicillin. Nevertheless, ecological network analysis verified that the internal association in the AOA community was more fragile than that in the AOB community. Moreover, the relationship between AOA and other nitrogen‐transforming functional archaea weakened in the presence of antibiotics, while AOB established relationships with more nitrogen‐transforming functional bacteria in the presence of antibiotics. Streptomycin sulfate had a stronger effect than penicillin due to the different inhibiting mechanisms of these antibiotics and the promotion of interspecific cooperation induced by penicillin in AOA.

中文翻译：

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环渤海沿岸湿地氨氧化古细菌和细菌对硫酸链霉素和青霉素的响应

抗生素是不断排放到海洋和沿海湿地的污染物，会影响微生物的生长和活性。在全球氮循环中非常重要的氨氧化古细菌（AOA）和细菌（AOB）也受到环境中抗生素的影响。抗生素对AOA和AOB微生物群落的影响不同，原因是它们的生化组成和代谢机制不同，从而改变了不同环境中的氨氧化过程。在这项研究中，从环渤海沿岸的四种典型沿海湿地类型中收集了62个样品，并在实验室中用硫酸链霉素和青霉素进行了处理。硫酸链霉素使总氨氧化率降低了61.2-84.0％，而青霉素降低了50.0-74.5％。丰度和群落结构的显着变化表明硫酸链霉素和青霉素对AOB的抑制作用比AOA更大。然而，生态网络分析证明，AOA社区的内部联系比AOB社区的内部联系更脆弱。此外，在存在抗生素的情况下，AOA与其他氮转化功能性古细菌之间的关系减弱，而在存在抗生素的情况下，AOB与更多的氮转化功能性细菌建立了关系。硫酸链霉素具有比青霉素更强的作用，这是由于这些抗生素的不同抑制机制以及青霉素在AOA中诱导的种间合作的促进。