Macrophytes are critical components of biologically productive lake littoral zones. Sensitivity to environmental factors such as sediment content and light availability makes macrophytes potential bioindicators of anthropogenic stress. The industrial past of Muskegon Lake (Michigan, USA) has severely disturbed the system, resulting in shoreline hardening and sediment contamination. Shoreline restoration during 2010 and 2011 presented an opportunity to use macrophytes as indicators of pre-restoration (2009–2010), shorter-term (2011–2012) and longer-term (2018) post-restoration ecosystem status. Macrophytes were sampled along transects perpendicular to the shoreline in two restored and one reference habitat, and predicted to experience post-restoration density and richness increases. Epiphytic algae were surveyed in 2018 only. Restored habitat quality, based on macrophyte species composition, minimally improved during post-restoration and there was no clear pattern in macrophyte richness and density. Water level was the strongest environmental driver of macrophyte community change, especially in 2018, when emergent macrophyte richness declined. Epiphytic algal dry weight was not sufficient to negatively impact macrophytes, as wave exposure lowered algal densities. Post-restoration habitat quality remained greater at the reference transect than at the two restored transects, although the restored habitats exhibited contrasting trajectories due to differences in slope (%), wave exposure, and disturbance.

大型植物是具有生物生产力的湖滨带的重要组成部分。对诸如沉积物含量和光可利用性等环境因素的敏感性使大型植物成为人为胁迫的生物指标。马斯基根湖（美国密歇根州）的工业历史严重干扰了该系统，导致海岸线硬化和沉积物污染。2010年和2011年的海岸线恢复为利用大型植物作为恢复前生态系统状态（2009-2010年），短期（2011-2012年）和长期（2018年）指标提供了机会。在两个恢复的和一个参考生境中，沿着垂直于海岸线的样地对大型植物进行了采样，并预测它们将经历恢复后的密度和丰富度的增加。仅在2018年对附生藻类进行了调查。恢复后的生境质量（基于大型植物物种组成）在恢复后几乎没有得到改善，大型植物丰富度和密度没有明显的规律。水位是大型植物群落变化的最强环境驱动力，尤其是在2018年，大型植物的丰富度下降了。附生藻类的干重不足以对大型植物产生负面影响，因为波浪暴露降低了藻类的密度。尽管由于斜率（％），波浪暴露和干扰的差异，恢复的生境表现出相反的轨迹，但参考断面的恢复后生境质量仍然比两个恢复的生境更高。水位是大型植物群落变化的最强环境驱动力，尤其是在2018年，大型植物的丰富度下降了。附生藻类的干重不足以对大型植物造成负面影响，因为波暴露降低了藻类的密度。尽管由于斜率（％），波浪暴露和干扰的差异，恢复的生境表现出相反的轨迹，但参考断面的恢复后生境质量仍然比两个恢复的生境更高。水位是大型植物群落变化的最强环境驱动因素，尤其是在2018年，新兴大型植物丰富度下降。附生藻类的干重不足以对大型植物造成负面影响，因为波暴露降低了藻类的密度。尽管由于斜率（％），波浪暴露和干扰的差异，恢复的生境表现出相反的轨迹，但参考断面的恢复后生境质量仍然比两个恢复的生境更高。