Prior research shows that the social costs of expressing anger may be greater for women than for men. However, less is known about whether anger expression is also associated with greater intrapersonal costs for women relative to men. We tested the hypothesis that outward anger expression would be related to greater depressive symptoms over time for women, but not men. A nationally representative sample of 942 community-dwelling adults reported on their frequency of anger expression and completed diagnostic interviews to assess depressive symptoms at baseline and 9-year follow-up. Moderation analyses using bootstrapping revealed a significant main effect of anger-out on depression. As predicted, gender moderated the effects of anger-out on depression, such that greater anger-out at baseline predicted greater depression in women 9 years later, even after controlling for baseline depression. Findings add to the literature by revealing the intrapersonal costs women may incur from anger expression.

中文翻译：

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为愤怒付出代价：女性是否要承担更大的代价？

先前的研究表明，女性表达愤怒的社会成本可能高于男性。然而，对于女性相对于男性而言，愤怒表达是否也与更高的人际成本有关，我们知之甚少。我们检验了这样一个假设，即外在的愤怒表达会随着时间的推移与女性更严重的抑郁症状有关，但与男性无关。942 名社区居民的全国代表性样本报告了他们愤怒表达的频率并完成了诊断性访谈，以评估基线和 9 年随访时的抑郁症状。使用自举法进行的适度分析揭示了愤怒对抑郁症的显着主要影响。正如预测的那样，性别缓和了愤怒对抑郁症的影响，因此基线时更大的愤怒预测了 9 年后女性更严重的抑郁症，即使在控制基线抑郁之后。研究结果揭示了女性可能因愤怒表达而产生的内在成本，从而为文献增色。