We summarized our recently-published papers on greenhouse gas exchanges at two important boreal regions underlain by permafrost: eastern Siberia and interior Alaska. Relevant literatures were also referred to, and future research directions on the high-latitude terrestrial processes were suggested. Long-term monitoring of CO₂ fluxes at the boreal forests revealed that anomalous weather and disturbances changed the CO₂ balance. More than a decade is required to return to a CO₂ sink at burned forests in interior Alaska. Anomalous high precipitation altered the forest structure in eastern Siberia, shifting the overstory/understory contributions to the CO₂ balance. The CH₄ emissions were higher in the two boreal forests than in the other boreal forests. Upscaling the in-situ observations and comparisons with top-down approaches revealed considerable inconsistencies exist among the approaches. We recommend the following directions in future research. First, long-term monitoring is indispensable to detect the effect of climate change on ecosystems. Second, disturbance impacts, including fire, thermokarst, and wet spells, need to be quantified. Third, further observations are necessary for constraining CH₄ exchange models. Finally, reconciling top-down and bottom-up approaches is required to reduce uncertainty. Prompt sharing of observed data and model products is crucial to improve our understanding of high-latitude processes.

我们总结了最近发表的有关永久冻土所覆盖的两个重要北方地区温室气体交换的论文：西伯利亚东部和阿拉斯加内部。还参考了相关文献，并提出了有关高纬度陆地过程的未来研究方向。长期监测北方森林中的CO ₂通量表明，异常的天气和干扰改变了CO _2的平衡。回到阿拉斯加内部被烧毁的森林中的CO ₂吸收器需要十多年的时间。高降水异常改变了西伯利亚东部的森林结构，使上层/下层对CO ₂平衡的贡献发生了变化。CH ₄两种北方森林的排放量都高于其他北方森林。通过自上而下的方法对原位观测和比较进行升级，发现这些方法之间存在相当大的不一致之处。我们建议在未来的研究中遵循以下方向。首先，长期监测对于检测气候变化对生态系统的影响是必不可少的。其次，需要量化干扰影响，包括火灾，热岩溶和湿法。第三，进一步的观察对于约束CH ₄交换模型是必要的。最后，需要调和自上而下和自下而上的方法，以减少不确定性。及时共享观测数据和模型产品对于增进我们对高纬度过程的理解至关重要。