The cell membrane possesses an extensive library of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids that control a significant portion of inter- and intracellular functions, including signaling, proliferation, migration, and adhesion, among others. Augmenting the cell surface composition would open possibilities for advances in therapy, tissue engineering, and probing fundamental cell processes. While genetic engineering has proven effective for many in vitro applications, these techniques result in irreversible changes to cells and are difficult to apply in vivo. Another approach is to instead attach exogenous functional groups to the cell membrane without changing the genetic nature of the cell. This review focuses on more recent approaches of nongenetic methods of cell surface modification through metabolic pathways, anchorage by hydrophobic interactions, and chemical conjugation. Benefits and drawbacks of each approach are considered, followed by a discussion of potential applications for nongenetic cell surface modification and an outlook on the future of the field.

中文翻译：

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修饰细胞膜和膜蛋白的非遗传生物偶联策略：综述

细胞膜拥有广泛的蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂质库，它们控制着细胞间和细胞内功能的重要部分，包括信号传导、增殖、迁移和粘附等。增加细胞表面成分将为治疗、组织工程和探索基本细胞过程的进展开辟可能性。虽然基因工程已被证明对许多体外应用有效，但这些技术会导致细胞发生不可逆转的变化，并且难以在体内应用. 另一种方法是在不改变细胞遗传性质的情况下，将外源性官能团连接到细胞膜上。本综述重点介绍了通过代谢途径、疏水相互作用锚定和化学缀合进行细胞表面修饰的非遗传方法的较新方法。考虑了每种方法的优点和缺点，然后讨论了非遗传细胞表面修饰的潜在应用以及对该领域未来的展望。