We present an exploratory study carried out with a new miniature portable emission measurement system (Mini-PEMS) specifically designed at the Technical University of Liberec (CZ) for applications on two-wheeler vehicles owing to its reduced size ($\mathrm{45}\mathrm{cm}\times \mathrm{30}\times \mathrm{20}\mathrm{cm}$) and weight (≈15 kg). It measures the exhaust gas concentrations of hydrocarbons and carbon mono- and dioxide with a nondispersive infrared method and nitrogen mono- and dioxides and oxygen using an electrochemical cell. In addition, the instrument acquires the engine speed, manifold absolute pressure, inlet and exhaust gas temperature, geo-localization, and vehicle speed. The exhaust mass flow rate is calculated from engine and emission data. The Mini-PEMS was validated on three two-wheelers (one moped and two motorcycles) against laboratory-grade instrumentation in the Vehicle Emissions Laboratory of the European Commission in terms of measured concentrations, exhaust flow, fuel consumption, and mass emission of pollutants. The mean absolute deviations of gas concentrations were 8 % for HC, 8 % for CO, 13 % for NO_x, and 2 % for CO₂, while the mass emissions (which include the exhaust flow determination uncertainty) were 7 % for HC, 7 % for CO, 9 % for NO_x, and 5 % for CO₂. An agreement of 2 % was achieved between the fuel consumption measured in the laboratory and calculated by the Mini-PEMS. As an application, the instrument was tested on board the vehicles during on-road trips. The emissions measured on the road were consistent among repeated runs, with differences between laboratory and on-road tests much larger than those between the Mini-PEMS and laboratory. We found similar or larger HC and NO_x real-driving emissions and larger CO emissions from motorcycles and smaller ones for the moped. Considering its size and weight, the Mini-PEMS proved to be an efficient tool for vehicle monitoring, research and development and could be tested for in-service monitoring applications related to carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emissions. A tentative approach to characterize particulate mass and particle number was presented and compared to the existing filter method and nonvolatile particle number protocol.

中文翻译：

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微型便携式排放物测量系统（PEMS），用于摩托车的实时驾驶监控

我们展示了一项探索性研究，该研究是使用新型微型便携式排放测量系统（Mini-PEMS）在利贝雷茨技术大学（CZ）上专门设计的，该系统由于其尺寸较小而适用于两轮车。$\mathrm{45}\mathrm{厘米}\times \mathrm{30}\times \mathrm{20}\mathrm{厘米}$）和重量（≈15 公斤）。它使用非分散红外方法测量碳氢化合物，一氧化碳和二氧化碳的废气浓度，并使用电化学电池来测量一氧化碳和二氧化氮的废气浓度。此外，该仪器还可以获取发动机转速，歧管绝对压力，进气和排气温度，地理位置和车速。排气质量流量是根据发动机和排放数据计算得出的。Mini-PEMS已在欧盟委员会车辆排放实验室的三级两轮车（一辆轻便摩托车和两辆摩托车）上经过实验室级仪器验证，其测量浓度，废气流量，燃料消耗和污染物的排放量均得到了验证。HC的气体浓度平均绝对偏差为8％，CO的平均值为8％，NO _x的平均值为13％ ，CO ₂为2％，而HC的质量排放量（包括废气流量确定不确定性）为7％，CO为7％，NO _x为9 ％，CO ₂为5％。在实验室测量和通过Mini-PEMS计算得出的燃油消耗之间达到2％的一致性。作为一种应用，该仪器在旅途中在车辆上进行了测试。在重复运行的过程中，在道路上测得的排放物是一致的，实验室测试和道路测试之间的差异远大于Mini-PEMS和实验室之间的差异。我们发现类似或更大的HC和NO _x摩托车的实际驾驶排放量和较大的CO排放量，轻便摩托车的排放量较小。考虑到其尺寸和重量，Mini-PEMS被证明是用于车辆监控，研究和开发的有效工具，并且可以针对与一氧化碳和氮氧化物排放有关的在役监控应用进行测试。提出了一种表征颗粒质量和颗粒数的试验方法，并将其与现有的过滤方法和非易失性颗粒数协议进行了比较。