ABSTRACT Parents raise children in consistent ways, and these parenting styles affect child wellbeing and societal adjustment. Recently, we identified such parenting styles in the owner–dog relationship. Dog owners of the authoritarian- correction orientated (AUC) type stand out for demandingness. Authoritative dog owners adopt either an intrinsic-value orientated style (AUI), of high responsiveness and attention to a dog’s needs, or an authoritative-training orientated style (AUT) of high demandingness and responsiveness in teaching a dog how to behave socially. The causes for dog owners to favor certain dog- directed parenting styles are presently unknown. Orientations toward animals could play a role, and these have previously been determined in dog owners, capsulizing views on dog ownership. A dominionistic orientation values the dog for its utility, a humanistic orientation humanizes dogs, and a protectionistic orientation acknowledges the dog’s species-specific interests. We wanted to know how these views on dog ownership are associated with dog-directed parenting styles. Therefore, orientations toward animals and dog-directed parenting styles were determined from dog-owner reports collected online (n = 518). The Likert-scale items regarding the orientations toward animals were grouped using data reduction techniques. The scores for our newly formed orientations were then rank correlated to the dog-directed parenting styles, with all scores expressed as percentages of the theoretical maximum. A dominionistic orientation was associated with AUC, indicating that combined demandingness and non-responsiveness in dog-directed parenting partly results from the owner’s perceived need to dominate the dog. A humanistic/protectionistic orientation was associated with AUI, suggesting that the combination of parenting responsiveness and relatively low demandingness is an outcome of humanizing dogs. These findings support the idea that orientations toward animals partly underlie dog-directed parenting styles and may constitute a starting point for guiding owners away from less favorable dog-directed parenting styles.

中文翻译：

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以狗为导向的育儿方式反映了狗主人对动物的态度

摘要 父母以一致的方式抚养孩子，这些教养方式会影响孩子的幸福感和社会适应。最近，我们在主人-狗的关系中发现了这种养育方式。专制矫正导向 (AUC) 类型的狗主人因要求高而脱颖而出。权威的狗主人要么采用内在价值导向型（AUI），即高度响应和关注狗的需求，要么采用权威训练导向型（AUT），在教狗如何进行社交行为时具有高要求和响应性。狗主人偏爱某些以狗为导向的养育方式的原因目前尚不清楚。对动物的取向可能会起到一定作用，而这些之前已经在狗主人身上确定，概括了对养狗的看法。支配主义取向重视狗的实用性，人文主义取向使狗人性化，保护主义取向承认狗的物种特定利益。我们想知道这些关于养狗的观点与以狗为导向的养育方式有何关联。因此，根据在线收集的狗主人报告（n = 518）确定了对动物的取向和以狗为导向的养育方式。使用数据简化技术对关于动物方向的李克特量表项目进行分组。然后将我们新形成的方向的分数与以狗为导向的养育方式相关联，所有分数都表示为理论最大值的百分比。支配性取向与 AUC 相关，表明在以狗为导向的养育方式中，要求和无反应的结合部分是由于主人认为需要支配狗。人本主义/保护主义取向与 AUI 相关，这表明养育响应性和相对较低的要求相结合是人性化狗的结果。这些发现支持这样一种观点，即对动物的取向在一定程度上构成了以狗为导向的养育方式的基础，并且可能构成引导主人远离不太有利的以狗为导向的养育方式的起点。