Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular and morphological data were conducted to shed light on relationships within the mostly Palaearctic/Oriental centipede family Lithobiidae, with a particular focus on the Palaearctic genus Lithobius Leach, 1814 (Lithobiidae, Lithobiomorpha), which contains >500 species and subspecies. Previous studies based on morphological data resolved Lithobius as nonmonophyletic, but molecular‐based phylogenetic analyses have until now sampled few species. To elucidate species inter‐relationships of the genus, test the validity of its classification into subgenera, and infer its relationships with other Lithobiidae, we obtained molecular data (nuclear markers: 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA; mitochondrial markers: 16S rRNA, COI) and 61 morphological characters for 44 species of Lithobius representing four of its eight subgenera and nine other representatives of Lithobiidae. The data were analyzed phylogenetically using maximum‐likelihood, parsimony and Bayesian inference. This study suggests that (i) a close relationship between L. giganteus and the pterygotergine Disphaerobius loricatus highlighted in recent morphological analyses is also strongly supported by molecular data, and Pterygoterginae is formally synonymized with Lithobiinae; (ii) the Oriental/Australian genus Australobius is consistently resolved as sister group to all other sampled Lithobiidae by the molecular and combined data; (iii) the subfamily Ethopolyinae may be paraphyletic; (iv) the genus Lithobius is nonmonophyletic; (v) the subgenera Lithobius, Sigibius and Monotarsobius are nonmonophyletic and should not be used in future taxonomic studies; and (vi) there are instances of cryptic species and cases in which subspecies should be elevated to full species status, as identified for some European taxa within Lithobius.

中文翻译：

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Lithobiidae Newport 的系统发育，1844 年，重点是巨型多样性属 Lithobius Leach，1814 年（Myriapoda，Chilopoda）

基于分子和形态学数据的系统发育分析旨在阐明主要是古北/东方蜈蚣科石蜈蚣科之间的关系，特别关注古北界石蜈蚣属，1814 年（石螈科，石螈科），其中包含 >500 个物种和亚种. 先前基于形态学数据的研究解决了 Lithobius作为非单系的，但基于分子的系统发育分析迄今为止只对少数物种进行了采样。为了阐明该属的物种相互关系，检验其分类为亚属的有效性，并推断其与其他石鳖科的关系，我们获得了分子数据（核标记：18S rRNA、28S rRNA；线粒体标记：16S rRNA、COI）和44 种石鳖属的 61 个形态特征，代表其 8 个亚属中的 4 个和石鳖科的其他 9 个代表。使用最大似然法、简约法和贝叶斯推理对数据进行系统发育分析。这项研究表明 (i) L之间的密切关系。 giganteus和翼翅目Disphaerobius loricatus在最近的形态分析中强调的也得到了分子数据的强烈支持，翼翅目正式与石竹亚科同义；(ii) 通过分子和组合数据，东方/澳大利亚属Australobius始终被解析为所有其他采样石鳖科的姐妹群；(iii) Ethopolyinae 亚科可能是并系的；(iv) Lithobius属是非单系的；(v) Lithobius、Sigibius和Monotarsobius亚属是非单系的，不应在未来的分类学研究中使用；(vi) 有一些神秘物种的实例和亚种应该被提升到完整物种状态的情况，正如在一些欧洲分类群中所确定的那样利托比乌斯。