The Mental Toughness Questionnaire‐48 (MTQ48) is a 48‐item self‐report instrument to measure one's level of mental toughness. Despite its wide popularity in psychological studies, the questionnaire has been criticized due to its factorial validity. The present study aimed to re‐assess the factorial validity of the instrument and propose alternative models to provide researchers with theoretically and practically useful instruments to measure mental toughness. Two studies were conducted using large samples of university students (Study 1: n = 2186; Study 2: n = 3209). In Study 1, none of one‐, four‐ and six‐factor models with 48 items satisfactorily fit the data set. Instead, two refined 18‐ and 6‐item versions of the questionnaire, covering six aspects of mental toughness, were proposed: the Short MTQ and Very Short MTQ. Both measures demonstrated excellent fit to the data. These results were replicated with a larger independent sample in Study 2. With the Short MTQ, it is possible to represent mental toughness as a multidimensional construct consisting of a global mental toughness factor and six specific factors. The Very Short MTQ is a practical tool for occasions where constraints prevent use of the Short MTQ. The refined questionnaires are promising options to measure and understand individuals' mental toughness with the MTQ.

中文翻译：

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提高心理韧性测量的有效性：心理韧性问卷的精炼版 - 48

心理韧性问卷 48 (MTQ48) 是一个 48 项的自我报告工具，用于衡量一个人的心理韧性水平。尽管它在心理学研究中广受欢迎，但该问卷因其因子效度而受到批评。本研究旨在重新评估该工具的因子效度并提出替代模型，为研究人员提供理论和实践上有用的工具来衡量心理韧性。使用大量大学生样本进行了两项研究（研究 1：n = 2186；研究 2：n= 3209）。在研究 1 中，包含 48 个项目的单因素、四因素和六因素模型都不能令人满意地拟合数据集。相反，提出了两个精炼的 18 项和 6 项版本的问卷，涵盖心理韧性的六个方面：短 MTQ 和非常短的 MTQ。两种测量都显示出与数据的极好拟合。这些结果在研究 2 中用更大的独立样本进行了复制。使用短 MTQ，可以将心理韧性表示为由全局心理韧性因素和六个特定因素组成的多维结构。非常短的 MTQ 是一种实用工具，适用于限制阻止使用短 MTQ 的情况。精制的问卷是使用 MTQ 衡量和了解个人心理韧性的有希望的选择。