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The power of penguins: Where tourists travel to see penguins in the wild
Ocean & Coastal Management ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105429
Eric L. Wagner , Pablo Garcia Borboroglu , P. Dee Boersma

Abstract Penguins are popular tourist attractions, but where do people go to see them in the wild? Consulting a wide range of sources, we identified 295 breeding colonies and sites that are advertised as places to visit penguins. Antarctica had the greatest number of sites (n = 123), and Namibia the fewest (n = 1). Population estimates for the number of breeding pairs were available for over 90% of sites, but both the recentness and reliability of the estimates were highly variable. The number of annual visitors was tracked at only 50% of sites. The number of breeding pairs a destination had did not predict its visitors per year. The closer a site was to a city with an airport, the more visitors it received. Excluding sites in Antarctica and the Galapagos, where visits are more tightly regulated and more boat-based, less than half of sites had specific management plans. Entrance fees ranged from zero to several thousand U.S. dollars, but fees rarely were used to support conservation or research. In sum, penguin-related tourism operates in a black box, with substantial information gaps. Tourism to penguin colonies can be sustainable, but this requires 1) regulations and enforcement to keep penguins safe from excessive disturbance; and 2) funds to benefit the penguins, their ocean and coastal habitats, research, and the local community. Transparency in the number of visitors and how the revenue their visits generate is used is essential to assess the sustainability of tourism at any colony.

中文翻译:

企鹅的力量:游客去野外看企鹅的地方

摘要 企鹅是热门的旅游景点,但人们去哪里看野外呢?通过咨询广泛的资源,我们确定了 295 个繁殖地和地点,这些地点被宣传为可以参观企鹅的地方。南极洲的站点数量最多(n = 123),纳米比亚最少(n = 1)。超过 90% 的站点都可以获得繁殖对数量的种群估计值,但估计值的近期性和可靠性差异很大。只有 50% 的网站对年度访问者数量进行了跟踪。目的地每年的繁殖对数量并不能预测其游客。站点越靠近有机场的城市,它收到的访问者就越多。不包括南极洲和加拉帕戈斯群岛的站点,那里的访问受到更严格的监管,并且更多地以船为基础,不到一半的地点有具体的管理计划。入场费从零到几千美元不等,但很少用于支持保护或研究。总之,与企鹅相关的旅游在一个黑匣子中运作,存在大量信息空白。企鹅栖息地的旅游可以是可持续的,但这需要 1) 监管和执法以保护企鹅免受过度干扰;2) 资助企鹅、它们的海洋和沿海栖息地、研究和当地社区。游客数量的透明度以及他们的访问产生的收入如何使用对于评估任何殖民地的旅游业的可持续性至关重要。与企鹅有关的旅游业在一个黑匣子中运作,信息存在巨大差距。企鹅栖息地的旅游可以是可持续的,但这需要 1) 法规和执法,以保护企鹅免受过度干扰;2) 资助企鹅、它们的海洋和沿海栖息地、研究和当地社区。游客数量的透明度以及他们的访问产生的收入如何使用对于评估任何殖民地的旅游业的可持续性至关重要。与企鹅有关的旅游业在一个黑匣子中运作,信息存在巨大差距。企鹅栖息地的旅游可以是可持续的,但这需要 1) 法规和执法,以保护企鹅免受过度干扰;2) 资助企鹅、它们的海洋和沿海栖息地、研究和当地社区。游客数量的透明度以及他们的访问产生的收入如何使用对于评估任何殖民地的旅游业的可持续性至关重要。
更新日期:2021-02-01
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