Freshwater resources comprise only 2.5–2.75% of all water on the Earth, 1.75–2% from them are frozen. We urgently desperately need to conserve water and find an effective alternative agriculture system. Other techniques-agricultural practices and food sources must be used to avoid disasters. We aimed to compare two farming systems (hydroponic with microbubbles or macrobubbles and sand soil) and to find the best system with the lowest cost and high production of low-water plants. We used three hydroponic system: (i) without the application of bubbles (T1), (ii) with the application of microbubbles (T2), (iii) macrobubbles (T3), and the conventional cultivation-based soil (T4). The results show significant differences in the morphological and biochemical parameters of lettuce plants grown in the hydroponic system and conventional cultivation-based soil. The morphological characteristic, chlorophyll, phenol, flavonoid content, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, mineral content, and dissolved oxygen were significantly greater in plants grown in the microbubble hydroponic system. In addition, total soluble sugars, proline, and MDA content were significantly greater in plants grown in sand soil (T4) as compared to the plants grown in different hydroponic systems (T1, T2, T3). The results show that the water consumed in the hydroponic system is lower than used in sandy soil. Our findings suggest that the hydroponic system can increase income and reduce the amount of water consumed; therefore, plants grown in hydroponic systems with microbubbles have achieved the best plant growth, secondary metabolites, and antioxidants compared to plants grown in other systems.

中文翻译：

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有无微泡和大泡的沙土和水培生菜的比较栽培及生化分析

淡水资源仅占地球上所有水的 2.5-2.75%，其中 1.75-2% 被冻结。我们迫切需要节约用水并找到一种有效的替代农业系统。必须使用其他技术——农业实践和食物来源来避免灾害。我们的目的是比较两种耕作系统（水培与微气泡或大气泡和沙土），并找到成本最低、低水植物产量高的最佳系统。我们使用了三种水培系统：(i) 不使用气泡 (T1)，(ii) 使用微气泡 (T2)，(iii) 大气泡 (T3) 和常规栽培土壤 (T4)。结果表明，在水培系统和传统栽培土壤中生长的生菜植物的形态和生化参数存在显着差异。在微泡水培系统中生长的植物的形态特征、叶绿素、苯酚、类黄酮含量、酶促和非酶促抗氧化剂、矿物质含量和溶解氧显着更高。此外，与在不同水培系统（T1、T2、T3）中生长的植物相比，在沙土（T4）中生长的植物的总可溶性糖、脯氨酸和 MDA 含量显着更高。结果表明，水培系统的耗水量低于砂质土壤。我们的研究结果表明，水培系统可以增加收入并减少用水量；所以，