Recent clinical and pathological evidence have implicated the gut microbiota as a nexus for modulating the homeostasis of the human body, impacting conditions from cancer and dementia to obesity and social behavior. The connections between microbiota and human diseases offer numerous opportunities in medicine, most of which have limited or no therapeutic solutions available. In light of this paradigm-setting trend in science, this review aims to provide a comprehensive and timely summary of the mechanistic pathways governing the gut microbiota and their implications for nanomedicines targeting cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we discuss in parallel the beneficial and pathogenic relationship of the gut microbiota along the gut–brain and gut–cancer axes, elaborate on the impact of dysbiosis and the gastrointestinal corona on the efficacy of nanomedicines, and highlight a molecular mimicry that manipulates the universal cross-β backbone of bacterial amyloid to accelerate neurological disorders. This review further offers a forward-looking section on the rational design of cancer and dementia nanomedicines exploiting the gut–brain and gut–cancer axes.

中文翻译：

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人类肠脑和肠癌轴对未来纳米医学的影响

最近的临床和病理学证据表明，肠道菌群是调节人体稳态的纽带，影响着从癌症和痴呆症到肥胖症和社交行为的状况。微生物群与人类疾病之间的联系为医学提供了众多机会，其中大多数机会有限或没有可用的治疗方案。鉴于科学中的这种范式设置趋势，本综述旨在提供全面及时的总结，以指导肠道菌群的机制途径及其对靶向癌症和神经退行性疾病的纳米药物的影响。具体来说，我们平行讨论了肠道菌群沿肠脑和肠癌轴的有益和致病关系，详细阐述了营养不良和胃肠电晕对纳米药物功效的影响，并着重介绍了一种分子拟态，该拟态操纵细菌淀粉样蛋白的通用交叉β骨架以加速神经系统疾病。这篇综述进一步探讨了利用肠脑和肠癌轴对癌症和痴呆症纳米药物进行合理设计的前瞻性部分。