Our goal was to define the effect of the energy intake in Holstein cows’ diet in the first third lactation on gene expression profile of immune system in mammary gland through RNA‐seq. Twelve Holstein cows were used in the first third of lactation, arranged in four treatments or diets: (a) hypocaloric (HYPO, 85% of the net energy of lactation (NEl) requirements), (b) isocaloric (ISO, 100% of the NEl requirements, control diet), (c) hypercaloric (HYPER, 115% of the NEl requirements) and (d) isocaloric plus sunflower oil supplementation (OIL, 106% of the NEl requirements). A biopsy of mammary gland tissue was carried out after 25 days per diet, from which the RNA was extracted and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeqTM 2,500 sequencer. The analysis of reads obtained from the sequencing in the QIAGEN® CLC Genomics Workbench 10.0 bioinformatics software was performed. From 27,368 genes annotated in the reference genome, 17,429 genes expressed in the evaluated treatments were identified. Moreover, 1,743 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found, of which 15 DEGs were found in the ISO vs. OIL comparison, 1,196 DEGs in the ISO vs. HYPO comparison and 532 DEGs in the ISO vs. HYPER comparison. Thus, of the 1,743 DEGs, 401 correspond to genes involved in the functioning of the immune system, encompassing 23% of the total number of DEGs involved in the analysis, and 13.6% of the total number of genes involved in the functioning of the immune system. The energy intake in Holstein cows’ diet has impact in the expression of immune genes CXCL13, TRDC among others, present in the regulation of immune system processes. This immune system altered might increase the somatic cells score and therefore reach some diseases. It is recommended to measure the energy intake according to the animals’ energy requirements and to cover them the closest to the 100%.

中文翻译：

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荷斯坦奶牛在泌乳前三分之一的饮食能量水平改变了乳腺中免疫基因的表达

我们的目标是通过 RNA-seq 确定荷斯坦奶牛在第一个第三泌乳期饮食中能量摄入对乳腺免疫系统基因表达谱的影响。十二头荷斯坦奶牛用于泌乳的前三分之一，分为四种处理或饮食：(a) 低热量（HYPO，泌乳净能量 (NEl) 需求的 85%），(b) 等热量（ISO，100% NEI 需求，控制饮食），(c) 高热量（HYPER，NEI 需求的 115%）和 (d) 等热量加葵花籽油补充剂（OIL，NE1 需求的 106%）。每次饮食 25 天后进行乳腺组织活检，从中提取 RNA 并使用 Illumina HiSeqTM 2,500 测序仪进行测序。在 QIAGEN® CLC Genomics Workbench 10 中对测序获得的读数进行分析。0 生物信息学软件。从参考基因组中注释的 27,368 个基因中，鉴定出在评估处理中表达的 17,429 个基因。此外，还发现了 1,743 个差异表达基因 (DEG)，其中在 ISO 与 OIL 的比较中发现了 15 个 DEG，在 ISO 与 HYPO 的比较中发现了 1,196 个，在 ISO 与 HYPER 的比较中发现了 532 个。因此，在 1,743 个 DEG 中，401 个对应于参与免疫系统功能的基因，占参与分析的 DEG 总数的 23%，占参与免疫功能的基因总数的 13.6%。系统。荷斯坦奶牛饮食中的能量摄入会影响免疫基因 CXCL13、TRDC 等的表达，这些基因存在于免疫系统过程的调节中。这种免疫系统的改变可能会增加体细胞评分，从而导致某些疾病。建议根据动物的能量需求测量能量摄入量，并以最接近 100% 的方式覆盖它们。