Papillomaviruses are oncogenic DNA viruses and induce hyperplastic benign lesions of both cutaneous and mucosal tissues in their various hosts, including many domestic and wild animals as well as humans. There are some Papillomavirus genotypes that can infect hosts different from their own, such as BPV 1 and BPV 2 originated from cattle, which can also infect horses and are responsible for fibroblastic tumours in horses. This review article summarizes the origin and evolution of papillomaviruses as an etiological agent in the historical process. The main focus in this review is the evaluation of the interactions between high‐risk papillomavirus oncoproteins and programmed cell‐death pathways. It further exemplifies the role of these interactions in the malignant cell transformation process. In parallel with this, the use and importance of the bovine model system to enlighten the papillomavirus‐associated cancers is discussed with an in‐depth examination. Furthermore, it focuses on the epidemiological situation of BPV infections in Turkey in the cattle herds.

中文翻译：

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乳头瘤病毒的致癌途径

乳头瘤病毒是致癌 DNA 病毒，可在其各种宿主（包括许多家养和野生动物以及人类）中诱导皮肤和粘膜组织的增生性良性病变。有一些乳头瘤病毒基因型可以感染与自身不同的宿主，例如源自牛的 BPV 1 和 BPV 2，它们也可以感染马并导致马的成纤维细胞肿瘤。这篇综述文章总结了乳头瘤病毒作为病原体在历史进程中的起源和演变。本综述的主要重点是评估高风险乳头瘤病毒癌蛋白与程序性细胞死亡途径之间的相互作用。它进一步举例说明了这些相互作用在恶性细胞转化过程中的作用。与此同时，通过深入研究讨论了牛模型系统在阐明乳头瘤病毒相关癌症方面的用途和重要性。此外，它还侧重于土耳其牛群中 BPV 感染的流行病学情况。