Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been regarded as promising candidates for energy-saving smart windows, next-generation displays and wearable electronics due to their significant benefits of simple and adjustable structures, low power consumption, flexible and stretchable features, and eye-friendly modes for displays. However, there are many existing issues waiting to be solved such as durability, reversibility and inadequate switching performances. These insurmountable technical bottlenecks significantly slow down the commercialization of next-generation ECDs. Nanomaterials with superior active reaction surface area have played indispensable roles in optimizing heterogeneous electron transfer and homogeneous ion transfer for ECDs and other optoelectronic devices. In recent years, with the joint efforts of various outstanding research teams, new kinds and methods for nanomaterials to fabricate ECDs with excellent performances have been rapidly developing. This review highlights the latest exciting results regarding the design and application of new and unique nanomaterials for each layer of ECDs. Meanwhile, the structures, mechanisms, features and preparation of the reported nanomaterials to improve the electrochromic properties have been discussed in detail. In addition, the remaining challenges and corresponding strategies of this field are also proposed. Hopefully, this review can inspire more and more researchers to enrich the nanomaterials for ECDs and other related fields to overcome faced technical barriers by innovative means and promote industrialization of ECDs and other optoelectronic technologies.

中文翻译：

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用于电致变色器件的纳米材料的研究进展

电致变色设备（ECD）由于其简单易用的结构，低功耗，灵活和可拉伸的功能以及对人友好的模式等显着优势而被认为是节能智能窗户，下一代显示器和可穿戴电子产品的有希望的候选者用于显示。但是，存在许多尚待解决的问题，例如耐用性，可逆性和切换性能不足。这些无法克服的技术瓶颈大大减慢了下一代ECD的商业化进程。具有卓越活性反应表面积的纳米材料在优化ECD和其他光电设备的异质电子转移和均质离子转移方面起着不可或缺的作用。近年来，在各个杰出研究团队的共同努力下，纳米材料制备性能优异的ECD的新方法已经迅速发展。这篇综述着重介绍了最新的令人兴奋的结果，有关每层ECD的新型独特纳米材料的设计和应用。同时，已经详细讨论了所报道的改善电致变色性能的纳米材料的结构，机理，特征和制备。此外，还提出了该领域的剩余挑战和相应的策略。希望这篇综述可以激励越来越多的研究人员丰富用于ECD和其他相关领域的纳米材料，以通过创新手段克服面临的技术障碍，并促进ECD和其他光电技术的工业化。