ABSTRACT Adult-overwintering insects show diversity in the occurrence of reproductive diapause of males. Mating can occur both before and after winter in different species, and pre-winter mating allows males to reproduce without overwintering. In a pierid butterfly, Eurema mandarina, both diapause and non-diapause male adults emerge in the late autumn generation. Diapause females mate with non-diapause males before winter and re-mate with diapause males the following spring. Although this species is distributed from sub-tropical regions to cool-temperate regions, the geographic variation of this characteristic mating system has not been examined. A rearing experiment and a field survey were conducted to determine the geographic patterns of the mating system of the late autumn generation of E. mandarina for various populations from sub-tropical to cool temperate regions. Non-diapause males were observed in the late autumn generation in all populations examined. The frequency of pre-winter mating of females was not correlated with latitude. These results show that the mating system of the late autumn generation is similar among various populations distributed over a wider range, suggesting that the characteristic mating system may be evolutionarily stable.

中文翻译：

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Eurema mandarina 珍珠蝶不同地理种群中非滞育雄性成虫的晚秋发生

摘要 成虫越冬昆虫在雄性生殖滞育发生方面表现出多样性。不同物种的冬季前后都可以交配，而冬季前的交配可以让雄性在不越冬的情况下繁殖。在珍珠蝴蝶 Eurema mandarina 中，滞育和非滞育雄性成虫都出现在晚秋一代。滞育雌性在冬季前与非滞育雄性交配，并在第二年春天与滞育雄性重新交配。尽管该物种从亚热带地区分布到冷温带地区，但尚未研究这种特征交配系统的地理变异。通过饲养试验和田间调查，确定了晚秋一代大白菜交配系统的地理格局。柑橘适用于从亚热带到凉爽温带地区的各种人群。在所有检查的种群中，在晚秋一代中观察到非滞育雄性。雌性冬前交配的频率与纬度无关。这些结果表明，晚秋世代的交配系统在分布范围更广的各个种群中具有相似性，表明特征交配系统可能在进化上是稳定的。