The anti‐leishmanial effect of the ‘carbohydrate‐fraction’, isolated from an edible mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus, was evaluated against Leishmania donovani infection both in vitro and in vivo. Ah_f‐Car induced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS2) and pro‐inflammatory cytokines like TNF‐α and IL‐12, with subsequent downregulation of the anti‐inflammatory cytokines as TGF‐β and IL‐10, in vitro and in vivo along with a remarkable increase in the expressions of IL‐6, IL‐1β, IFN‐γ and IRFs, IRF‐7 and IRF‐8 in vivo. Ah_f‐Car also reduced the parasite burden in the spleen and liver dose‐dependently with a simultaneous proliferation of Ly6C⁺ cells in the bone marrow of Leishmania‐infected experimental animals. It also increased the monocyte population dose‐dependently and the expression of the myeloid transcription factor PU.1, in vivo, which presumably signifies the expansion of protective macrophages. Thus, Ah_f‐Car might be a potent anti‐leishmanial lead with unique and effective adjuvant capacity.

中文翻译：

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蘑菇衍生的“碳水化合物馏分”可恢复宿主免疫力，并保护其免于感染利什曼原虫

从食用蘑菇Astraeus hygrometricus 分离出的“碳水化合物级分”的抗利什曼原虫作用在体外和体内均被评估了对多氏利什曼原虫的感染。Ah _f-Car在体外诱导诱导型一氧化氮合酶2（iNOS2）和促炎细胞因子如TNF-α和IL-12的表达，随后抗炎细胞因子如TGF-β和IL-10的下调 并且 体内IL-6，IL-1β，IFN-γ和IRF，IRF-7和IRF-8的表达显着增加。Ah _f-Car还可以剂量依赖性地减少脾脏和肝脏中的寄生虫负担，同时使Ly6C ⁺增殖利什曼原虫感染的实验动物骨髓中的细胞。它还在体内剂量依赖性地增加了单核细胞群，并增加了髓样转录因子PU.1的表达 ，这可能表明了保护性巨噬细胞的扩增。因此，Ah _f-Car可能是具有独特而有效的佐剂能力的有效的抗利什曼肽。