Follicular T helper (T_FH) cells are specialized T cells that support B cells, which are essential for humoral immunity. T_FH cells express the transcription factor B‐cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl‐6), chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) receptor (CXCR) 5, the surface receptors programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) and inducible T‐cell costimulator (ICOS), the cytokine IL‐21 and other molecules. The activation, proliferation and differentiation of T_FH cells are closely related to dynamic changes in cellular metabolism. In this review, we summarize the progress made in understanding the development and functional differentiation of T_FH cells. Specifically, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of T_FH cell functional differentiation, including regulatory signalling pathways and the metabolic regulatory mechanisms of T_FH cells. In addition, T_FH cells are closely related to immune‐associated diseases, including infections, autoimmune diseases and cancers.

中文翻译：

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炎症和自身免疫中滤泡T辅助细胞的功能分化与调控

滤泡 T 辅助 (T _FH ) 细胞是支持 B 细胞的特化 T 细胞，而 B 细胞对体液免疫至关重要。T _FH细胞表达转录因子 B 细胞淋巴瘤 6 (Bcl-6)、趋化因子 (C-X-C 基序) 受体 (CXCR) 5、表面受体程序性细胞死亡蛋白 1 (PD-1) 和诱导型 T-细胞共刺激物 (ICOS)、细胞因子 IL-21 和其他分子。_{T FH}细胞的活化、增殖和分化与细胞代谢的动态变化密切相关。_{在这篇综述中，我们总结了在理解 T FH}细胞的发育和功能分化方面取得的进展。具体来说，我们专注于 T _{FH的调节机制}细胞功能分化，包括调节信号通路和 T _FH细胞的代谢调节机制。此外，T _FH细胞与免疫相关疾病密切相关，包括感染、自身免疫性疾病和癌症。