Environmental risk assessment is often challenged by a lack of toxicity data for ecological species. The overall goal of the present study was to employ an avian early‐life stage toxicity test to determine the effects of 4 chemicals (benzo[a]pyrene [BaP], chlorpyrifos, fluoxetine hydrochloride [FLX], and ethinyl estradiol [EE2]) on an ecologically relevant avian species, the double‐crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), and to compare our results with those we previously reported for a laboratory model species, Japanese quail. Chemicals were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and administered via air cell injection to fertilized, unincubated double‐crested cormorant eggs at 3 nominal concentrations, the highest selected to approximate the 20% lethal dose. Of the 4 chemicals, only chlorpyrifos and FLX were detected in liver tissue of embryos at midincubation (day 14) and termination (day 26; 1–2 d prior to hatch); EE2 and BaP were not detectable, suggesting embryonic clearance/metabolism. No apical effects were observed in double‐crested cormorant embryos up to the highest concentrations of chlorpyrifos (no‐observed‐effect level [NOEL] = 25 µg/g) or FLX (NOEL = 18 µg/g). Exposure to EE2 reduced embryonic viability and increased deformities at a concentration of 2.3 µg/g (NOEL = 0.18 µg/g), and BaP decreased embryonic viability (median lethal dose = 0.015 µg/g; NOEL = 0.0027 µg/g). Compared with Japanese quail, double‐crested cormorant were more sensitive with regard to embryolethality and deformities for EE2 and embryolethality for BaP, whereas they were less sensitive to embryonic deformities associated with chlorpyrifos exposure. These data reinforce the idea that standardized toxicity tests using a laboratory model species may not always be protective of wild birds, and thus they stress the importance of developing such alternative testing strategies (e.g., the EcoToxChip Project) for ecologically relevant species to augment risk assessment efforts. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:390–401. © 2020 SETAC

中文翻译：

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双冠鸬鹚胚胎早期暴露于 4 种环境化学物质对顶端结果的影响

环境风险评估经常受到缺乏生态物种毒性数据的挑战。本研究的总体目标是采用禽类早期生命阶段毒性试验来确定 4 种化学物质（苯并 [ a ] 芘 [BaP]、毒死蜱、盐酸氟西汀 [FLX] 和乙炔雌二醇 [EE2]）的影响在生态相关的鸟类物种中，双冠鸬鹚 ( Phalacrocorax auritus)，并将我们的结果与我们之前报告的实验室模型物种日本鹌鹑的结果进行比较。将化学品溶解在二甲基亚砜中，并通过气囊注射以 3 种标称浓度（选择的最高浓度接近 20% 的致死剂量）对未孵化的受精双冠鸬鹚卵进行注射。在 4 种化学物质中，在孵化中期（第 14 天）和终止（第 26 天；孵化前 1-2 天）的胚胎肝组织中仅检测到毒死蜱和 FLX；EE2 和 BaP 未检测到，表明胚胎清除/代谢。在毒死蜱（未观察到影响水平 [NOEL] = 25 µg/g）或 FLX（NOEL = 18 µg/g）浓度最高的双冠鸬鹚胚胎中未观察到顶端效应。在浓度为 2 时，暴露于 EE2 会降低胚胎活力并增加畸形。3 µg/g (NOEL = 0.18 µg/g)，BaP 降低胚胎活力（中位致死剂量 = 0.015 µg/g；NOEL = 0.0027 µg/g）。与日本鹌鹑相比，双冠鸬鹚对 EE2 的胚胎致死率和畸形以及 BaP 的胚胎致死率更敏感，而对与毒死蜱暴露相关的胚胎畸形则不太敏感。这些数据强化了使用实验室模型物种的标准化毒性测试可能并不总是保护野生鸟类的观点，因此他们强调了为生态相关物种制定此类替代测试策略（例如 EcoToxChip 项目）以加强风险评估的重要性努力。双冠鸬鹚对 EE2 的胚胎致死率和畸形以及 BaP 的胚胎致死率更敏感，而它们对与毒死蜱暴露相关的胚胎畸形不太敏感。这些数据强化了使用实验室模型物种的标准化毒性测试可能并不总是保护野生鸟类的观点，因此他们强调了为生态相关物种制定此类替代测试策略（例如 EcoToxChip 项目）以加强风险评估的重要性努力。双冠鸬鹚对 EE2 的胚胎致死率和畸形以及 BaP 的胚胎致死率更敏感，而它们对与毒死蜱暴露相关的胚胎畸形不太敏感。这些数据强化了使用实验室模型物种的标准化毒性测试可能并不总是保护野生鸟类的观点，因此他们强调了为生态相关物种制定此类替代测试策略（例如 EcoToxChip 项目）以加强风险评估的重要性努力。环境毒理学化学2021；40：390-401。© 2020 SETAC