Crops are the foundation of human society, not only by providing needed nutrition, but also by feeding livestock and serving as raw materials for industry. Cereal crops, which supply most of our calories, have been supporting humans for thousands of years. However food security is facing many challenges nowadays, including growing populations, water shortage, and increased incidence of biotic and abiotic stresses. According to statistical data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, http://www.fao.org/), the people suffering severe food insecurity increased from 7.9 % in 2015 to 9.7 % in 2019 and the number of people exposed to moderate or severe food insecurity have increased by 400 million over the same time period. Although there are many ways to cope with these challenges, crop breeding remains the most crucial and direct manner. With the development of molecular genetics, the speed of cloning genetic variations underlying corresponding phenotypes of agricultural importance is considerably more rapid. As a consequence breeding methods have evolved from phenotype-based to genome-based selection. In the future, knowledge-driven crop design, which integrates multi-omics data to reveal the connections between genotypes and phenotypes and to build selection models, will undoubtedly become the most efficient way to shape plants, to improve crops, and to ensure food security.

中文翻译：

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作物育种——从基于经验的选择到精准设计

农作物是人类社会的基础，不仅提供所需的营养，而且还饲养牲畜和作为工业原料。提供我们大部分卡路里的谷物作物已经为人类提供了数千年的支持。然而，当今粮食安全面临许多挑战，包括人口增长、水资源短缺以及生物和非生物胁迫发生率增加。根据联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO，http://www.fao.org/）的统计数据，遭受严重粮食不安全的人数从 2015 年的 7.9% 增加到 2019 年的 9.7%，以及同期面临中度或重度粮食不安全的人数增加了 4 亿。尽管有很多方法可以应对这些挑战，作物育种仍然是最关键和最直接的方式。随着分子遗传学的发展，克隆具有农业重要性的相应表型的遗传变异的速度要快得多。因此，育种方法已经从基于表型的选择演变为基于基因组的选择。未来，知识驱动的作物设计，整合多组学数据，揭示基因型和表型之间的联系并构建选择模型，无疑将成为塑造植物、改良作物和确保粮食安全的最有效方式。 . 因此，育种方法已经从基于表型的选择演变为基于基因组的选择。未来，知识驱动的作物设计，整合多组学数据，揭示基因型和表型之间的联系并构建选择模型，无疑将成为塑造植物、改良作物和确保粮食安全的最有效方式。 . 因此，育种方法已经从基于表型的选择演变为基于基因组的选择。未来，知识驱动的作物设计，整合多组学数据，揭示基因型和表型之间的联系并构建选择模型，无疑将成为塑造植物、改良作物和确保粮食安全的最有效方式。 .