In this research, Capparis spinosa oil was used as a feedstock for biodiesel production in the presence of NaOH/NaX as a nano heterogeneous catalyst. The NaOH/NaX catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, and BET analyses. The transesterification reaction was optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) of experiments. The effects of key variables of catalyst weight, methanol to oil molar ratio, and time on the reaction were studied, and a precise discussion about the impact of each process variable on the biodiesel yield was carried out. The highest biodiesel yield was 90.33% for the optimum reaction conditions that include a constant temperature of 60 °C, methanol to oil molar ratio of 6.7:1, catalyst weight of 2.3 wt%, and reaction time of 1.24 h. Furthermore, all physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel were matched to the ASTM standard. Based on the obtained results, Capparis spinosa oil is a suitable source for biodiesel production.

中文翻译：

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以 NaOH/NaX 为纳米多相催化剂的刺参油合成生物柴油参数优化响应面法

在这项研究中，刺参油被用作在 NaOH/NaX 作为纳米多相催化剂存在下生产生物柴油的原料。通过XRD、SEM和BET分析表征NaOH/NaX催化剂。基于实验的中心复合设计（CCD），通过响应面法（RSM）优化酯交换反应。研究了催化剂重量、甲醇油摩尔比和时间等关键变量对反应的影响，并就每个工艺变量对生物柴油产率的影响进行了精确讨论。在最佳反应条件下，生物柴油的最高产率为 90.33%，包括恒温 60°C、甲醇与油的摩尔比为 6.7:1、催化剂重量为 2.3 wt%、反应时间为 1.24 h。此外，生产的生物柴油的所有理化特性均符合 ASTM 标准。根据获得的结果，刺参油是生物柴油生产的合适来源。