The recent monumental detection of gravitational waves by LIGO, the subsequent detection by the LIGO/VIRGO observatories of a binary neutron star merger seen in the gravitational wave signal [Formula: see text], the first photo of the event horizon of the supermassive black hole at the center of Andromeda galaxy released by the EHT telescope and the ongoing experiments on Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions at the BNL and at the CERN, demonstrate that we are witnessing the second golden era of observational relativistic gravity. These new observational breakthroughs, although in the long run would influence our views regarding this Kosmos, in the short run, they suggest that relativistic dissipative fluids (or magnetofluids) and relativistic continuous media play an important role in astrophysical-and also subnuclear-scales. This realization brings into the frontiers of current research theories of irreversible thermodynamics of relativistic continuous media. Motivated by these considerations, we summarize the progress that has been made in the last few decades in the field of nonequilibrium thermodynamics of relativistic continuous media. For coherence and completeness purposes, we begin with a brief description of the balance laws for classical (Newtonian) continuous media and introduce the classical irreversible thermodynamics (CIT) and point out the role of the local-equilibrium postulate within this theory. Tangentially, we touch the program of rational thermodynamics (RT), the Clausius–Duhem inequality, the theory of constitutive relations and the emergence of the entropy principle in the description of continuous media. We discuss at some length, theories of non equilibrium thermodynamics that sprang out of a fundamental paper written by Müller in 1967, with emphasis on the principles of extended irreversible thermodynamics (EIT) and the rational extended irreversible thermodynamics (REIT). Subsequently, after a brief introduction to the equilibrium thermodynamics of relativistic fluids, we discuss the Israel–Stewart transient (or causal) thermodynamics and its main features. Moreover, we introduce the Liu–Müller–Ruggeri theory describing relativistic fluids. We analyze the structure and compare this theory to the class of dissipative relativistic fluid theories of divergent type developed in the late 1990 by Pennisi, Geroch and Lindblom. As far as theories of nonequilibrium thermodynamics of classical media are concerned, it is fair to state that substantial progress has been made and many predictions of the extended theories have been placed under experimental scrutiny. However, at the relativistic level, the situation is different. Although the efforts aiming to the development of a sensible theory (or theories) of nonequilibrium thermodynamics of relativistic fluids (or continuous media) spans less than a half-century, and even though enormous steps in the right direction have been taken, nevertheless as we shall see in this review, still a successful theory of relativistic dissipation is lacking.

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扩展热力学：从经典到相对论

LIGO 最近对引力波的巨大探测，随后 LIGO/VIRGO 天文台在引力波信号中发现的双中子星合并[公式：见正文]，超大质量黑洞事件视界的第一张照片EHT 望远镜发布的仙女座星系中心以及 BNL 和欧洲核子研究中心正在进行的相对论重离子碰撞实验表明，我们正在见证观测相对论引力的第二个黄金时代。这些新的观测突破，虽然从长远来看会影响我们对这个宇宙的看法，但在短期内，它们表明相对论耗散流体（或磁流体）和相对论连续介质在天体物理学和亚核尺度中发挥着重要作用。这一认识进入了当前相对论连续介质不可逆热力学研究理论的前沿。受这些考虑的启发，我们总结了过去几十年在相对论连续介质的非平衡热力学领域取得的进展。出于连贯性和完整性的目的，我们首先简要描述经典（牛顿）连续介质的平衡定律，并介绍经典的不可逆热力学（CIT），并指出局部平衡假设在该理论中的作用。切线地，我们接触了理性热力学 (RT) 程序、克劳修斯-杜厄姆不等式、本构关系理论以及熵原理在描述连续介质中的出现。我们讨论了一些时间，非平衡热力学理论源于 Müller 在 1967 年撰写的一篇基础论文，重点是扩展不可逆热力学 (EIT) 和理性扩展不可逆热力学 (REIT) 的原理。随后，在简要介绍了相对论流体的平衡热力学之后，我们讨论了 Israel-Stewart 瞬态（或因果）热力学及其主要特征。此外，我们介绍了描述相对论流体的 Liu-Müller-Ruggeri 理论。我们分析其结构并将该理论与 Pennisi、Geroch 和 Lindblom 在 1990 年后期发展的发散型耗散相对论流体理论类进行比较。就经典介质的非平衡热力学理论而言，公平地说，已经取得了实质性进展，并且许多扩展理论的预测已经被置于实验审查之下。然而，在相对论层面，情况就不同了。尽管旨在发展相对论流体（或连续介质）的非平衡热力学的合理理论（或多个理论）的努力跨越了不到半个世纪，尽管朝着正确的方向迈出了巨大的步伐，但随着我们在这篇评论中应该看到，仍然缺乏一个成功的相对论耗散理论。