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Non-equilibrium phenomena in thermal plasmas
Plasma Research Express Pub Date : 2020-10-28 , DOI: 10.1088/2516-1067/abc1b9
Y Cressault , Ph Teulet , X Baumann , A Gleizes

This tutorial is intended to provide a basic overview of non-equilibrium phenomena for thermal plasmas. Thermal plasmas (TPs) mainly issued from electrical discharges are often assumed to be in ≪ equilibrium ≫ as opposed to ≪ non-equilibrium plasmas ≫ where non-equilibrium phenomena are more pronounced. As a first approximation it can be shown that TPs are close to a local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) which is often taken as their reference state. However, in many situations, deviations from LTE can clearly exist. The main goal of this brief tutorial is to explain to interested scientists the main phenomena, mechanisms and characteristics associated to TPs or quasi-TPs. Then we introduce the different laws of the thermodynamic equilibrium applied to these plasmas and show that not all of them are valid in TPs, which lead us to define the LTE. However, even if the transport phenomena are non-equilibrium mechanisms, we show with illustrations that they are studied and estimated within the framework of the LTE. The next sections focus on phenomena named ‘departures from equilibrium’ for thermal plasmas. For convenience and educational reasons, we split them into the departures from the chemical and the thermal equilibria respectively. In each case we present and clearly define the mechanisms that promote equilibrium and those that tend to create departures. We present not only experimental setups that highlight these deviations but also the basis for the mathematical models that allow them to be simulated, before concluding the tutorial with the outlooks and challenges currently under research.



中文翻译:

热等离子体中的非平衡现象

本教程旨在提供热等离子体非平衡现象的基本概述。主要由放电产生的热等离子体 (TP) 通常被假定为处于 ≪ 平衡 ≫,而不是 ≪ 非平衡等离子体 ≫,其中非平衡现象更为明显。作为第一个近似值,可以证明 TP 接近局部热力学平衡 (LTE),通常将其作为它们的参考状态。然而,在许多情况下,与 LTE 的偏差可能明显存在。本简短教程的主要目标是向感兴趣的科学家解释与 TP 或准 TP 相关的主要现象、机制和特征。然后我们介绍了应用于这些等离子体的不同热力学平衡定律,并表明并非所有这些定律在 TP 中都有效,这导致我们定义了 LTE。然而,即使传输现象是非平衡机制,我们也用插图表明它们是在 LTE 框架内研究和估计的。下一节重点介绍热等离子体的“偏离平衡”现象。出于方便和教育原因,我们将它们分别分为化学平衡和热平衡的偏离。在每种情况下,我们都提出并明确定义了促进平衡和倾向于产生偏离的机制。我们不仅展示了突出这些偏差的实验设置,还展示了允许模拟它们的数学模型的基础,然后以当前正在研究的前景和挑战结束本教程。我们用插图展示了它们是在 LTE 框架内研究和估计的。下一节重点介绍热等离子体的“偏离平衡”现象。出于方便和教育原因,我们将它们分别分为化学平衡和热平衡的偏离。在每种情况下,我们都提出并明确定义了促进平衡和倾向于产生偏离的机制。我们不仅展示了突出这些偏差的实验设置,还展示了允许模拟它们的数学模型的基础,然后以当前正在研究的前景和挑战结束本教程。我们用插图展示了它们是在 LTE 框架内研究和估计的。下一节重点介绍热等离子体的“偏离平衡”现象。出于方便和教育原因,我们将它们分别分为化学平衡和热平衡的偏离。在每种情况下,我们都提出并明确定义了促进平衡和倾向于产生偏离的机制。我们不仅展示了突出这些偏差的实验设置,而且展示了允许模拟它们的数学模型的基础,然后以当前正在研究的前景和挑战结束本教程。出于方便和教育原因,我们将它们分别分为化学平衡和热平衡的偏离。在每种情况下,我们都提出并明确定义了促进平衡和倾向于产生偏离的机制。我们不仅展示了突出这些偏差的实验设置,还展示了允许模拟它们的数学模型的基础,然后以当前正在研究的前景和挑战结束本教程。出于方便和教育原因,我们将它们分别分为化学平衡和热平衡的偏离。在每种情况下,我们都提出并明确定义了促进平衡和倾向于产生偏离的机制。我们不仅展示了突出这些偏差的实验设置,而且展示了允许模拟它们的数学模型的基础,然后以当前正在研究的前景和挑战结束本教程。

更新日期:2020-10-28
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