Mode-locking lasers have not only produced huge economic benefits in industrial fields and scientific researches, but also provided an excellent platform to study diverse soliton phenomena. However, the real-time characterization of the ultrafast soliton dynamics remains challenging for the traditional electronic instruments due to their relatively little response bandwidth and slow scan rate. Consequently, it is urgent for researchers to directly observe these ultrafast evolution processes, not just indirectly understanding them from numerical simulations or averaged measurement data. Fortunately, dispersive Fourier transformation (DFT) provides a powerful real-time measurement technique to overcome the speed limitations of traditional electronic measurement devices by mapping the frequency spectrum onto the temporal waveform. In the review, the operation principle of DFT is discussed and the recent progress in characterizing the ultrafast transient soliton dynamics of mode-locking lasers is summarized, including soliton explosions, soliton molecules, noise-like pulses, rogue waves, and mode-locking buildup process.

中文翻译：

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色散傅里叶变换实时谱测量孤子动力学的最新进展

锁模激光器不仅在工业领域和科学研究中产生了巨大的经济效益，而且为研究多样化的孤子现象提供了极好的平台。然而，由于传统电子仪器的响应带宽相对较小且扫描速度较慢，因此超快孤子动力学的实时表征仍然具有挑战性。因此，研究人员迫切需要直接观察这些超快演化过程，而不仅仅是从数值模拟或平均测量数据中间接了解它们。幸运的是，色散傅里叶变换 (DFT) 提供了一种强大的实时测量技术，通过将频谱映射到时间波形上来克服传统电子测量设备的速度限制。在审查中，