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Oversummering juvenile and adult Semipalmated sandpipers in Perú gain enough survival to compensate for foregone breeding opportunity
Movement Ecology ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-27 , DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00226-6
Eveling A Tavera 1, 2, 3 , Glenn E Stauffer 4 , David B Lank 1 , Ronald C Ydenberg 1
Affiliation  

Age at maturity and the timing of first breeding are important life history traits. Most small shorebird species mature and breed as ‘yearlings’, but have lower reproductive success than adults. In some species, yearlings may defer northward migration and remain in non-breeding regions (‘oversummering’) until they reach 2 years of age. Some adults also oversummer. Oversummering would be favoured by natural selection if survival were as a result raised sufficiently to compensate for the missed breeding opportunity. Several thousand Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) spend the non-breeding period at Paracas, Perú, including individuals with long bills (likely from eastern Arctic breeding populations ~ 8000 km distant) and short bills (likely from western Arctic breeding populations, up to 11,000 km distant), with short-billed birds more likely to oversummer. We tested the prediction that oversummering birds have higher survival than migrants, and that the magnitude of this higher survival for oversummering birds is enough to compensate for their lost breeding season. We used a Multi-State Mark-Recapture model based on 5 years of encounter data (n = 1963 marked birds, and 3229 resightings) obtained year-round at Paracas, Perú, to estimate seasonal (i.e. breeding and non-breeding) survivorship for migrant and oversummering birds. We calculated the magnitude of the oversummering survival advantage required to compensate, for both yearlings and adults, based on published measures of annual survival and reproductive success. Using bill length as a proxy for migration distance, we investigated whether migratory survival is distance-dependent. We estimate that 28% of yearlings and 19% of adults oversummer. Survival is higher for oversummering birds than for migrants, and the oversummering survival advantage is greater for adults (0.215) than for yearlings (0.140). The theoretical thresholds predicted by the size of the missed reproductive opportunity are 0.240 for adults and 0.134 for yearlings. Migratory survival decreases and the oversummering rate increases with migration distance, as assessed by culmen length. Our results support the life history hypothesis that oversummering raises survival enough to compensate for the loss of a breeding opportunity. Greater migration distance lowers survival and increases the probability of oversummering.

中文翻译:

秘鲁的过夏幼鱼和成年半掌鹬获得了足够的生存,以弥补失去的繁殖机会

成熟年龄和首次繁殖时间是重要的生活史特征。大多数小型鸻鹬物种成熟并以“一岁鸽”的形式繁殖,但繁殖成功率低于成年人。在某些物种中,一岁鸽可能会推迟向北迁移并留在非繁殖区(“过夏”),直到它们达到 2 岁。一些成年人也过夏。如果存活率因此提高到足以弥补错失的繁殖机会,自然选择将有利于过夏。数千只半掌鹬 (Calidris pusilla) 在秘鲁的帕拉卡斯度过非繁殖期,包括长喙个体(可能来自北极东部繁殖种群 ~ 8000 公里远)和短喙个体(可能来自北极西部繁殖种群,高达 11,000公里远),短嘴鸟更有可能过夏。我们测试了过夏鸟类比迁徙者存活率更高的预测,并且过夏鸟类的这种较高存活率足以弥补它们失去的繁殖季节。我们使用基于在秘鲁帕拉卡斯全年获得的 5 年遭遇数据(n = 1963 只标记鸟类和 3229 次重新观察)的多州标记重新捕获模型来估计季节性(即繁殖和非繁殖)存活率候鸟和过夏鸟类。我们根据已发表的年度存活率和繁殖成功率的指标,计算了补偿一岁仔鱼和成年仔鱼所需的过夏存活优势的大小。使用票据长度作为迁移距离的代表,我们调查了迁移生存是否依赖于距离。我们估计 28% 的一岁鸽和 19% 的成年鸽过夏。越冬鸟类的生存率高于迁徙​​鸟,成年鸟类的越夏生存优势(0.215)大于一岁鸽(0.140)。根据错失繁殖机会的大小预测的理论阈值对于成年人来说是 0.240,对于一岁鸽来说是 0.134。洄游存活率随着洄游距离的增加而降低,越夏率增加。我们的研究结果支持生活史假设,即过夏提高生存率,足以弥补繁殖机会的损失。较大的迁移距离会降低存活率并增加过夏的可能性。并且成年人的过夏生存优势(0.215)大于一岁鸽(0.140)。根据错失繁殖机会的大小预测的理论阈值对于成年人来说是 0.240,对于一岁鸽来说是 0.134。洄游存活率随着洄游距离的增加而降低,越夏率增加。我们的研究结果支持生活史假设,即过夏提高生存率,足以弥补繁殖机会的损失。较大的迁移距离会降低存活率并增加过夏的可能性。并且成年人的过夏生存优势(0.215)大于一岁鸽(0.140)。根据错失繁殖机会的大小预测的理论阈值对于成年人来说是 0.240,对于一岁鸽来说是 0.134。洄游存活率随着洄游距离的增加而降低,越夏率增加。我们的研究结果支持生活史假设,即过夏提高生存率,足以弥补繁殖机会的损失。较大的迁移距离会降低存活率并增加过夏的可能性。洄游存活率随着洄游距离的增加而降低,越夏率增加。我们的研究结果支持生活史假设,即过夏提高生存率,足以弥补繁殖机会的损失。较大的迁移距离会降低存活率并增加过夏的可能性。洄游存活率随着洄游距离的增加而降低,越夏率增加。我们的研究结果支持生活史假设,即过夏提高生存率,足以弥补繁殖机会的损失。较大的迁移距离会降低存活率并增加过夏的可能性。
更新日期:2020-10-30
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