In the upcoming era of 5G, the number of base stations, edge computing nodes and data centers is believed to be three to five times more than that of 4G. Serious challenges on the deployment and operation of 5G networks and services arise, especially on how to build and maintain battery energy storage systems for sustainable 5G power feeding at low cost for all scenarios. Although battery has long been used as a major backup power in various communications systems, current battery systems essentially are "dumb devices." In the current battery systems, the charging/discharging energy flow is continuous due to the fixed series-parallel cell topology adopted by existing battery systems. The fixed topology also causes the "bucket effect" at the system level due to the fact that it is incapable of handling cell difference in a battery system, leading to a series of system-level problems in terms of power density, energy efficiency, cycle life, reliability, and safety. All these will make it very challenging for sustainable 5G power feeding, which will further affect the cost-effective deployment and operation of 5G networks and services. Thanks to the recent breakthrough of power electronics semiconductors, such as power metal-oxide- semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) with their outstanding material properties, it becomes feasible to carry out digital energy processing operations at high switching speed, high voltage, and feverish temperature. By building a new digital "grid-to-chip" power train using high switching speed power semiconductors, traditional analog battery systems can be transformed into digital battery systems through energy digitization, which will significantly facilitate feasible 5G deployment and operation. In this article, we will propose and describe the basic concept of energy digitization, the design framework of the digital battery system including key components, modeling, and the performance evaluation of the digital battery system. Results of experiments and real-world applications show the effectiveness and efficiency of digital battery system, which offer a promising disruptive approach to sustainable 5G power feeding.

中文翻译：

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通过能源数字化构建数字电池系统以实现可持续的5G供电

在即将到来的5G时代，据信基站，边缘计算节点和数据中心的数量是4G的三到五倍。5G网络和服务的部署和运营面临着严峻的挑战，特别是在如何为所有场景以低成本构建和维护电池能量存储系统以实现可持续的5G供电方面，面临着严峻挑战。尽管电池长期以来一直被用作各种通信系统中的主要备用电源，但是当前的电池系统实质上是“哑设备”。在当前的电池系统中，由于现有电池系统采用的固定的串联-并联电池拓扑，充电/放电能量流是连续的。固定拓扑还会导致“桶效应” 由于它无法处理电池系统中的电池差异，因此会在系统级别出现问题，从而在功率密度，能效，循环寿命，可靠性和安全性方面导致一系列系统级别的问题。所有这些将给可持续的5G供电带来巨大挑战，这将进一步影响5G网络和服务的经济高效部署和运营。得益于功率金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管（MOSFET），碳化硅（SiC）和氮化镓（GaN）等具有出色材料性能的功率电子半导体的最新突破，实现数字化变得可行在高开关速度，高电压和发烧温度下进行能量处理操作。通过构建新的数字“网格到芯片” 使用高开关速度功率半导体的动力传动系统，传统的模拟电池系统可以通过能量数字化转换为数字电池系统，这将大大促进可行的5G部署和运营。在本文中，我们将提出并描述能量数字化的基本概念，数字电池系统的设计框架（包括关键组件，建模和数字电池系统的性能评估）。实验和实际应用的结果表明，数字电池系统的有效性和效率为可持续的5G供电提供了一种有希望的破坏性方法。这将大大促进可行的5G部署和运营。在本文中，我们将提出并描述能量数字化的基本概念，数字电池系统的设计框架（包括关键组件，建模和数字电池系统的性能评估）。实验和实际应用的结果表明，数字电池系统的有效性和效率为可持续的5G供电提供了一种有希望的破坏性方法。这将大大促进可行的5G部署和运营。在本文中，我们将提出并描述能量数字化的基本概念，数字电池系统的设计框架（包括关键组件，建模和数字电池系统的性能评估）。实验和实际应用的结果表明，数字电池系统的有效性和效率为可持续的5G供电提供了一种有希望的破坏性方法。