IoT deployments targeting different application domains are being unfolded at various administrative levels such as countries, states, corporations, or even individual households. Facilitating data transfers between deployed sensors and back-end cloud services is an important aspect of IoT deployments. These data transfers are usually done using Low Power WAN technologies (LPWANs) that have low power consumption and support longer transmission ranges. LoRa (Long Range) is one such technology that has recently gained significant popularity due to its ease of deployment. In this paper, we present LoRadar , a passive packet sniffing framework for LoRa's Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, LoRaWAN. LoRadar is built using commodity hardware. By carrying out passive measurements at a given location, LoRadar provides key insights of LoRa deployments such as available LoRa networks, deployed sensors, their make, and transmission patterns. Since LoRa deployments are becoming more pervasive, these information are pivotal in characterizing network performance, comparing different LoRa operators, and in emergencies or tactical operations to quickly assess available sensing infrastructure at a given geographical location. We validate the performance of LoRadar in both laboratory and real network settings and conduct a measurement study at eight key locations distributed over a large city-wide geographical area to provide an in-depth analysis of the landscape of commercial IoT deployments. Furthermore, we show the usage of LoRadar in improving the network such as potential collision and jamming detection, device localization, as well as spectrum policing to identify devices that violate the daily duty-cycle quota. Our results show that most of the devices transmitting over the SF12 data rate at one of the survey location were violating the network provider's quota.

中文翻译：

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洛雷达

针对不同应用领域的物联网部署正在各个行政级别展开，例如国家、州、公司甚至个人家庭。促进部署的传感器和后端云服务之间的数据传输是物联网部署的一个重要方面。这些数据传输通常使用低功耗广域网技术 (LPWAN) 完成，该技术具有低功耗并支持更长的传输范围。LoRa（远程）就是这样一种技术，由于其易于部署，它最近获得了极大的普及。在本文中，我们提出洛雷达，LoRa 的媒体访问控制 (MAC) 协议 LoRaWAN 的被动数据包嗅探框架。洛雷达是使用商品硬件构建的。通过在给定位置进行被动测量，洛雷达提供有关 LoRa 部署的关键见解，例如可用的 LoRa 网络、部署的传感器、它们的制造和传输模式。由于 LoRa 部署变得越来越普遍，这些信息对于表征网络性能、比较不同的 LoRa 运营商以及在紧急情况或战术操作中快速评估给定地理位置的可用传感基础设施至关重要。我们验证性能洛雷达在实验室和真实网络环境中，并在分布在整个城市范围内的大地理区域的八个关键位置进行测量研究，以提供对商业物联网部署格局的深入分析。此外，我们展示了洛雷达在改进网络方面，例如潜在的碰撞和干扰检测、设备定位以及频谱监管，以识别违反每日占空比配额的设备。我们的结果表明，在其中一个调查地点以 SF12 数据速率传输的大多数设备都违反了网络提供商的配额。