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Evaluation and Treatment of Vascular Cognitive Impairment by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Neural Plasticity ( IF 3.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-28 , DOI: 10.1155/2020/8820881
Mariagiovanna Cantone 1 , Giuseppe Lanza 2, 3 , Francesco Fisicaro 4 , Manuela Pennisi 4 , Rita Bella 5 , Vincenzo Di Lazzaro 6 , Giovanni Di Pino 7
Affiliation  

The exact relationship between cognitive functioning, cortical excitability, and synaptic plasticity in dementia is not completely understood. Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is deemed to be the most common cognitive disorder in the elderly since it encompasses any degree of vascular-based cognitive decline. In different cognitive disorders, including VCI, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be exploited as a noninvasive tool able to evaluate in vivo the cortical excitability, the propension to undergo neural plastic phenomena, and the underlying transmission pathways. Overall, TMS in VCI revealed enhanced cortical excitability and synaptic plasticity that seem to correlate with the disease process and progression. In some patients, such plasticity may be considered as an adaptive response to disease progression, thus allowing the preservation of motor programming and execution. Recent findings also point out the possibility to employ TMS to predict cognitive deterioration in the so-called “brains at risk” for dementia, which may be those patients who benefit more of disease-modifying drugs and rehabilitative or neuromodulatory approaches, such as those based on repetitive TMS (rTMS). Finally, TMS can be exploited to select the responders to specific drugs in the attempt to maximize the response and to restore maladaptive plasticity. While no single TMS index owns enough specificity, a panel of TMS-derived measures can support VCI diagnosis and identify early markers of progression into dementia. This work reviews all TMS and rTMS studies on VCI. The aim is to evaluate how cortical excitability, plasticity, and connectivity interact in the pathophysiology of the impairment and to provide a translational perspective towards novel treatments of these patients. Current pitfalls and limitations of both studies and techniques are also discussed, together with possible solutions and future research agenda.

中文翻译:

经颅磁刺激评估和治疗血管性认知障碍

痴呆症中认知功能、皮质兴奋性和突触可塑性之间的确切关系尚不完全清楚。血管性认知障碍 (VCI) 被认为是老年人中最常见的认知障碍,因为它包括任何程度的基于血管的认知能力下降。在包括 VCI 在内的不同认知障碍中,经颅磁刺激 (TMS) 可作为一种能够在体内进行评估的无创工具皮质兴奋性、经历神经可塑性现象的倾向以及潜在的传输途径。总体而言,VCI 中的 TMS 显示增强的皮质兴奋性和突触可塑性似乎与疾病过程和进展相关。在一些患者中,这种可塑性可能被认为是对疾病进展的适应性反应,从而可以保留运动编程和执行。最近的研究结果还指出了使用 TMS 来预测痴呆症所谓“处于危险中的大脑”的认知恶化的可能性,这可能是那些从疾病缓解药物和康复或神经调节方法中受益更多的患者,例如那些基于在重复 TMS (rTMS) 上。最后,可以利用 TMS 来选择对特定药物的反应者,以尝试最大化反应并恢复适应不良的可塑性。虽然没有单一的 TMS 指数具有足够的特异性,但一组 TMS 衍生的措施可以支持 VCI 诊断并识别进展为痴呆症的早期标志物。这项工作回顾了所有关于 VCI 的 TMS 和 rTMS 研究。目的是评估皮层兴奋性、可塑性和连接性如何在损伤的病理生理学中相互作用,并为这些患者的新治疗提供转化视角。还讨论了研究和技术的当前陷阱和局限性,以及可能的解决方案和未来的研究议程。一组 TMS 衍生的措施可以支持 VCI 诊断并识别进展为痴呆症的早期标志物。这项工作回顾了所有关于 VCI 的 TMS 和 rTMS 研究。目的是评估皮层兴奋性、可塑性和连接性如何在损伤的病理生理学中相互作用,并为这些患者的新治疗提供转化视角。还讨论了研究和技术的当前陷阱和局限性,以及可能的解决方案和未来的研究议程。一组 TMS 衍生的措施可以支持 VCI 诊断并识别进展为痴呆症的早期标志物。这项工作回顾了所有关于 VCI 的 TMS 和 rTMS 研究。目的是评估皮层兴奋性、可塑性和连接性如何在损伤的病理生理学中相互作用,并为这些患者的新治疗提供转化视角。还讨论了研究和技术的当前陷阱和局限性,以及可能的解决方案和未来的研究议程。和连通性在损伤的病理生理学中相互作用,并为这些患者的新治疗提供转化视角。还讨论了研究和技术的当前陷阱和局限性,以及可能的解决方案和未来的研究议程。和连通性在损伤的病理生理学中相互作用,并为这些患者的新治疗提供转化视角。还讨论了研究和技术的当前陷阱和局限性,以及可能的解决方案和未来的研究议程。
更新日期:2020-10-30
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