In recent years, more and more applications use ad-hoc networks for local M2M communications, but in some cases such as when using WSNs, the software processing delay induced by packets relaying may not be negligible. In this paper, we planned and carried out a delay measurement experiment using Raspberry Pi Zero W. The results demonstrated that, in low-energy ad-hoc networks, processing delay of the application is always too large to ignore; it is at least ten times greater than the kernel routing and corresponds to 30% of the transmission delay. Furthermore, if the task is CPU-intensive, such as packet encryption, the processing delay can be greater than the transmission delay and its behavior is represented by a simple linear model. Our findings indicate that the key factor for achieving QoS in ad-hoc networks is an appropriate node-to-node load balancing that takes into account the CPU performance and the amount of traffic passing through each node.

中文翻译：

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低能量Ad-hoc网络中通信中继延迟的实验分析

近年来，越来越多的应用程序使用自组织网络进行本地 M2M 通信，但在某些情况下，例如使用 WSN 时，由数据包中继引起的软件处理延迟可能不可忽略。在本文中，我们计划并使用Raspberry Pi Zero W 进行了延迟测量实验。结果表明，在低能耗ad-hoc 网络中，应用程序的处理延迟总是太大而无法忽略；它至少比内核路由大十倍，对应30%的传输延迟。此外，如果任务是 CPU 密集型的，例如数据包加密，则处理延迟可能大于传输延迟，其行为由简单的线性模型表示。