We report on four electron paramagnetic resonance sensors for dynamic magnetic field measurements at 36 mT, 100 mT, 360 mT, and 710 mT. The sensors are based on grounded co-planar microwave resonators operating at about 1 GHz and 3 GHz, realized using printed circuit board technology, and on single-chip integrated microwave oscillators operating at about 10 GHz and 20 GHz, realized using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. The sensors are designed to mark precisely the moment when a time-dependent magnetic field attains a specific value. The trigger from the sensor can be used to preset the output of real-time magnetic field measurement systems, called "B-trains," which are in operation at several large synchrotron installations, including five of the CERN's particle accelerators. We discuss in detail the performance achieved, in particular, the magnetic field resolution that is in the range of 0.1 nT/Hz1/2-6 nT/Hz1/2. The effects of material anisotropy and temperature are also discussed. Finally, we present a detailed characterization of the sensors with field ramps as fast as 5 T/s and field gradients as strong as 12 T/m.

中文翻译：

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用于粒子加速器的电子顺磁共振磁场传感器

我们报告了四个电子顺磁共振传感器，用于 36 mT、100 mT、360 mT 和 710 mT 的动态磁场测量。这些传感器基于工作频率约为 1 GHz 和 3 GHz 的接地共面微波谐振器，使用印刷电路板技术实现，以及工作频率约为 10 GHz 和 20 GHz 的单芯片集成微波振荡器，使用互补金属氧化物实现——半导体技术。传感器旨在精确标记随时间变化的磁场达到特定值的时刻。来自传感器的触发器可用于预设实时磁场测量系统的输出，称为“B-train”，这些系统在几个大型同步加速器装置中运行，包括 CERN 的五个粒子加速器。我们详细讨论了实现的性能，特别是在 0.1 nT/Hz1/2-6 nT/Hz1/2 范围内的磁场分辨率。还讨论了材料各向异性和温度的影响。最后，我们详细介绍了具有高达 5 T/s 的场斜坡和高达 12 T/m 的场梯度的传感器的详细特征。