Crude bio-oil was upgraded using in situ and ex situ catalysts (Ni2Fe3, ZSM-5, and Ni2Fe3/ZSM-5) in order to reduce the bio-oil oxygen content. The Ni2Fe3 catalyst powder was specifically designed for this research using materials' simulations, and it showed good activity in improving the bio-oil quality by increasing the heating value. Furthermore, a fixed bed reactor was used for comparing in situ catalytic pyrolysis (ISCP) with ex situ catalytic pyrolysis (ESCP). The results indicated that the Ni2Fe3 catalyst showed greater activity for the ISCP experiments resulting in increased bio-oil yield and improved the bio-oil quality. The bio-oil consisted of higher heating value compounds including a small number of hydrocarbon compounds. However, the results showed that the bio-oil yield with the Ni2Fe3/ZSM-5 catalyst was low for both cases of ISCP and ESCP while the sugar content decreased during the pyrolysis process. Different reaction pathways and mechanisms are proposed for ISCP and ESCP. ESCP reactions transformed 1-hydroxy-2-butanone completely to 2-propanone, 1-hydroxy-, but ISCP converted only 55% of 1-hydroxy-2-butanone to 2-propanone, 1-hydroxy- to the final product. ISCP and ESCP methods showed different reaction pathways for the 1,2-cyclopentanedione compound, and the final product was 2-cyclopenten-1-one and 1,2-cyclopentanedione, 3-methyl-, respectively. These results indicated that the catalysts showed different reactions for ISCP vs ESCP, while the Ni2Fe3 catalyst was effective for ISCP catalytic pyrolysis. Ni2Fe3 showed better activity when compared to ZSM-5 and when supported by ZSM-5 as an ESCP catalyst. These results indicated that the Ni2Fe3 metal catalyst has potential to replace the current catalysts for industrial use to upgrade bio-oil.

中文翻译：

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通过 ZSM-5、Ni2Fe3 和 Ni2Fe3/ZSM-5 通过原位和异位催化热解来升级原油生物油：产量、成分和量子机制

使用原位和非原位催化剂（Ni2Fe3、ZSM-5 和 Ni2Fe3/ZSM-5）对粗生物油进行升级，以降低生物油的氧含量。Ni2Fe3 催化剂粉末是专门为这项研究设计的，使用材料模拟，它在通过增加热值来改善生物油质量方面表现出良好的活性。此外，固定床反应器用于比较原位催化热解（ISCP）和异位催化热解（ESCP）。结果表明，Ni2Fe3 催化剂对 ISCP 实验显示出更高的活性，从而提高了生物油产量并改善了生物油质量。生物油由包括少量碳氢化合物在内的较高热值化合物组成。然而，结果表明，在 ISCP 和 ESCP 两种情况下，Ni2Fe3/ZSM-5 催化剂的生物油产率较低，而糖含量在热解过程中下降。针对 ISCP 和 ESCP 提出了不同的反应途径和机制。ESCP 反应将 1-羟基-2-丁酮完全转化为 2-丙酮、1-羟基-，但 ISCP 仅将 55% 的 1-羟基-2-丁酮转化为 2-丙酮、1-羟基- 为最终产品。ISCP和ESCP方法对1,2-环戊二酮化合物显示出不同的反应途径，最终产物分别为2-环戊烯-1-酮和1,2-环戊二酮，3-甲基-。这些结果表明催化剂对 ISCP 和 ESCP 表现出不同的反应，而 Ni2Fe3 催化剂对 ISCP 催化热解是有效的。Ni2Fe3 与 ZSM-5 相比，以及由 ZSM-5 作为 ESCP 催化剂负载时表现出更好的活性。这些结果表明，Ni2Fe3 金属催化剂具有替代目前工业用催化剂以升级生物油的潜力。