Abstract

In this paper we review studies that have identified collective variables (order parameters) in movement coordination, control and skill with emphasis on whole-body multiple joint degree of freedom (DF) tasks. Collective variables of a dynamical system have been proposed formally and informally from a diverse set of perceptual-motor tasks, from which we emphasize: bimanual coordination, locomotion (pedalo, walking, running, bicycle riding), roller ball task, static (quiet standing) and dynamic (moving on a ski-simulator) balance, grasping, and juggling. Several types of candidate collective variables have been identified, including: relative phase, frequency ratio, number of hands active in grasping, synchrony, learning rate and relative timing. There is a strong influence of the task goal in determining the collective variable that can be body or environment relative. The emergence of the task relevant collective variable is typically in the early stage of skill learning where subjects through practice adapt movement organization to realize a never previously produced movement coordination pattern. Throughout, the paper elaborates on open theoretical, experimental and analysis issues for collective variables in the context of task constraints and Bernstein’s (1967 Bernstein, N. (1967). The co-ordination and regulation of movements. Pergamon. [Google Scholar]) view of skill acquisition as learning to master redundant DF.

摘要

在本文中，我们回顾了在运动协调、控制和技能方面确定集体变量（顺序参数）的研究，重点是全身多关节自由度 (DF) 任务。动力系统的集体变量已经从一系列不同的感知运动任务中正式和非正式地提出，我们强调：双手协调、运动（踏板、步行、跑步、骑自行车）、滚球任务、静态（安静站立） ) 和动态（在滑雪模拟器上移动）平衡、抓握和杂耍。已经确定了几种类型的候选集体变量，包括：相对相位、频率比、主动抓握的手数、同步性、学习率和相对时间。任务目标对确定与身体或环境相关的集体变量有很大影响。与任务相关的集体变量的出现通常是在技能学习的早期阶段，在这个阶段，主体通过实践调整运动组织以实现以前从未产生的运动协调模式。在整个过程中，本文详细阐述了在任务约束和伯恩斯坦 (Bernstein) 的背景下集体变量的开放理论、实验和分析问题1967年 伯恩斯坦，N.（1967 年）。动作的协调和调节。佩加蒙。 [Google Scholar] ) 将技能获取视为学习掌握冗余 DF。