ABSTRACT

Hydrocarbons are produced offshore in more than 50 countries and contributed about a quarter of world production c.2020, slightly more for crude oil and slightly less for natural gas. All oil and gas projects involve technical, environmental, economic, and financial challenges, but offshore projects are especially sensitive to these factors and often require advanced engineering and innovative technologies to commercialise. Offshore projects may be put on-hold for many years due to technology gaps or technology too expensive to implement. In this review, highlights of the world’s deepest, largest, longest, tallest, heaviest, most complex, most difficult, and most expensive wells, structures, pipelines, and subsea equipment are presented in offshore development and decommissioning projects. Key engineering considerations and technology innovations are described. The perspective of this review is broad and aimed toward the general non-specialist reader bringing many topics together for the first time.

摘要

碳氢化合物在 50 多个国家的海上生产，约占 2020 年世界产量的四分之一，原油略多，天然气略少。所有石油和天然气项目都涉及技术、环境、经济和财务挑战，但海上项目对这些因素特别敏感，通常需要先进的工程和创新技术才能实现商业化。由于技术差距或技术太昂贵而无法实施，海上项目可能会被搁置多年。在这篇评论中，世界上最深、最大、最长、最高、最重、最复杂、最困难和最昂贵的油井、结构、管道和海底设备的亮点被呈现在海上开发和退役项目中。描述了关键的工程考虑和技术创新。这篇评论的视角很广泛，旨在面向普通非专业读者，这是第一次将许多主题放在一起。